1. Lake Ecology

2. Nature of Lakes Lakes are enclosed basins which can trap standing water Water retention time of lakes (the time an average water molecule stays in the lake) varies from a few days to hundreds of years Water retention time depends on the size of the lake and the rate of inflow/outflow

3. Lake Basins The lake basin is the “bowl” or depression that contains the water Lake basins are formed by numerous processes, the principal being: –Glacial activity –Crustal movement –Rivers –Solution processes –Human activity These processes often occur in restricted areas giving rise to “lake districts”, areas in which there are a lot of lakes (eg. The Adirondacks, Minnesota, African rift valley)

4. Lakes formed by Glacial Processes Glacial activity has resulted in the greatest number of lakes and some of the largest lakes in area The lakes of Minnesota (“Land of 10,000 Lakes”) and the Adirondacks in New York are attributable to glacial activity The Great Lakes are also glacial in origin

5. Lakes formed by Glacial Processes Glacial lakes are found in areas of steep terrain where scour has been the mechanism

6. Lakes formed by Glacial Processes They are also found in flat terrain where damming by moraines or ice blocks left behind in glacial drift is the mechanism

7. Origin of Lakes – Crustal Movement Tectonic Activity (crustal instability and movement) –Graben = fault- trough = rift lake –Formed between two faults

8. Lakes formed by Crustal Movement The deepest and oldest lakes in the world are those formed by crustal movement The deepest and oldest lake in the world is Lake Baikal in Siberia

9. Lakes formed by Crustal Movement Earthquake Lakes –Reelfoot Lake, TN- KY –Major earthquake (8 on Richter scale) –Caused surface to uplift in some areas and subside in others –Mississippi R was diverted into a subsidence region for several days forming Reelfoot Lake

10. Lakes formed by Crustal Movement Landslide Lakes –Mountain Lake, VA One of two natural lakes in Virginia Formed when landslide dammed a mountain valley The lake is estimated to be about 6,000 years old and geologists believe it must have been formed by rock slides and damming

11. Lakes formed by Crustal Movement Crater/caldera Lakes –Lake occupies a caldera or collapsed volcanic crater/cone –If cone blows out the side like Mt. St. Helens, no basin left –Ex. Crater Lake, OR

12. Rivers Formed Lakes Alluvial rivers leave behind bends that become oxbow lakes Oxbow lakes are localized to areas in alluvial floodplains, like the lower Mississippi valley

13. Solution Lakes Lake basins can be formed when subsurface mineral deposits (like halite or limestone) dissolve leaving a void which collapses resulting in a basin The lakes of central Florida form a solution basin lake district

14. Origin of Lakes – Solution Lakes Salt collapse basins –Underground seepage dissolves salt lenses, ground collapses and basin fills –Montezuma Well, AZ

15. Lakes formed by Human Activity These may be intentional, as in the case of reservoirs created for recreation, flood control, irrigation, navigation, hydropower Or they may be incidental, as in the case of flooded peat digs or rock quarries

16. Light in Lakes Sun is virtually the only source of energy in natural aquatic habitat: photosynthesis and heat Solar constant –Rate at which radiation arrives at edge of Earth’s atmosphere –≈ 2 cal/cm2/min –More than half of this is lost coming through the atmosphere

17. Solar Radiation Reaching Lake Surface Absorption by different chemicals in atmosphere Water and ozone (O3) are especially important Ozone is the most important in the UV range

18. Solar Radiation Entering Lakes Solar radiation enters lakes and is absorbed at a constant rate Absorption rate varies with wavelength There is more light available near the surface and this decreases exponentially with depth This light energy affects –The temperature of the water in a lake –The growth of primary producers in a lake

19. Lake Stratification and Mixing Due to the changes in density with temperature, lakes generally stratify in summer with warmer, lighter water overlaying colder, heavier water This creates a stable layering of water which can last well into the fall As temperatures drop in the fall, the surface water cools and gradually reaches the temperature of the bottom water When this occurs, we have “turnover” in which water mixes throughout all lake depths

20. Dimictic Lakes – Annual Cycle Seasonal heating and cooling Wind creating turbulence

21. Polymictic Lakes Shallow temperate zone lakes can also be polymictic including the GMU Pond Note the daily stratification and mixing pattern

22. Lake Layers during Stratification The upper layer of the lake is called the epilimnion And the lower layer is the hypolimnion

23. Stratification Affects Lake Chemistry During stratification, the hypoliminion is cut off from the oxygen in the air If the lake is productive, there will be organic matter from the epilimnion settling into the hypolimnion This organic matter will be broken down by microbial respiration resulting in a decrease in dissolved oxygen This may leave the hypolimnion critically deficient in dissolved oxygen so that it cannot support many animals like fish

24. Lake Chemistry - Oxygen Vertical Distribution –Varies with lake type –Very productive lakes lose oxygen during stratification

25. Lake Chemistry - Phosphorus P limits biological production in lakes P cycle in lakes P accumulates in the sediments

26. Zonation of Biota Biological zonation is strongly influenced by light availability The littoral zone is the portion of the lake which has sufficient light for photosynthesis to the bottom The limnetic zone is the open water area in which sufficient light for primary producers is only available in the top of the water column The dark portion of the open water is sometime called the profundal zone

27. Types of Lake Organisms Macrophytes: large leafy plants with attached microscopic periphyton Plankton: Suspended small organisms controlled by currents Benthos: Bottom dwellers Nekton: Larger, mobile organisms Note which zone each is found in

28. Typical Macrophytes submersed Floating leaved Emergent

29. Typical Phytoplankton flagellate desmid cyanobacterium diatoms

30. Typical Zooplankton Rotifer:grazer on phytoplankton Water flea: grazer on phytoplankton Copepod: grazer on phytoplankton ------------------- 0.5 mm

31. Typical Benthos Midge larvae bivalves Dragonfly nymph

32. Typical Nekton Bass: a piscivore (fish eater) Catfish: a detritivore (scavenger) Bluegill: a planktivore and benthivore

33. Lake Food Web Nutrients like N and P together with CO2 and light stimulate phytoplankton They are fed upon by zooplankton which in turn provide food for juvenile fish

34. Lake Food Web The larger fish generally eat other fish (piscivorous) and provide the top of the food web There is sometimes even a second tier of even larger fish

35. Overview of the Lake Food Web

36. Lake Trophic Status Oligotrophic –Low productivity, clear water, life more sparse Somewhat Eutrophic –High productivity, murkier water, but more life

37. Excess Nutrients – N&P Natural Eutrophication Productivity of lakes are determined by a number of factors: –Geology and soils of watershed –Water residence time –Lake morphometry –Water mixing regime Over thousands of years these factors gradually change resulting in lakes becoming more productive

38. Cultural Eutrophication Human activities can alter the balance of these factors, esp. when excess nutrients (P in freshwater) are introduced Untreated sewage for example has a TP conc of 5-15 mg/L Even conventionally treated sewage has about ½ that. Compare that with inlake concentrations of 0.03 mg/L that can cause eutrophic conditions So, even small amounts of sewage can cause problems

39. Cultural Eutrophication Problems associated with cultural eutrophication include –Anoxic hypolimnion Part of lake removed as habitat Some fish species eliminated Chemical release from sediments –Toxic and undesirable phytoplankton Blooms of toxic cyanobacteria Phytoplankton dominated by cyanobacteria and other algae that are poor food for consumers –Fewer macrophytes Elimination of habitat for invertebrates and fish –Esthetics

40. Cultural Eutrophication – Case Studies Lake Washington –Following WWII, pop’n increases in the Seattle area resulted in increases in sewage discharge (sec trted) to Lake Washington –Secchi depth decreased from about 4 m to 1-2 m as algae bloomed from sewage P –Diversion system was built and effluent was diverted to Puget Sound in mid 1960’s –Algae subsided and water clarity increase –Daphnia reestablished itself and further clarified the lake

41. Cultural Eutrophication – Case Studies Norfolk Broads, England Shallow systems where macrophytes dominated Increased runoff of nutrients, first from sewage and then from farming stimulated algae First periphyton bloomed and caused a shift from bottom macrophytes to canopy formers Then phytoplankton bloomed and cut off even the canopy macrophytes and their periphyton

42. Households in the Gunston Cove watershed have grown dramatically since the mid-1970’s. Since the study began in 1984 the number of households has grown by about 50%. All other things equal, an increase in households should produce an increase in nonpoint contributions. The point source P load declined dramatically in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s. Formal study initiated in 1983. Case Study: Gunston Cove on the Potomac River

43. Gunston Cove Recovery Improvements in water clarity related to P-limitation and decline of phytoplankton were correlated with an increase in submersed macrophyte coverage in Gunston Cove Since 1 m colonization depth was achieved (2004), macrophyte coverage has increased strongly

44. References http://waterontheweb.org/under/lakeecology/index.html http://pearl.spatial.maine.edu/default.htm http://www.co.cayuga.ny.us/wqma/weedswatchout/biology.htm