1. Fruits

2. Matured and ripened ovaries.
Holds and protects the seeds until they mature.
Helps in the dissemination or dispersal of the seeds.
Does not only apply to those that have edible portions, but also to those which are commonly referred to as vegetable.

3. Outermost layer of the fruit wall
Part of a Fruit
Exocarp
Outermost layer of the fruit wall
Endocarp
Innermost layer
Mesocarp
Middle layer

4. Classification of Fruits

5. As to the composition or number of flowers involved in their formation
Simple Fruits
develops from one ovary
Aggregate Fruit
develops from several ovaries of a single flower
Collective or Multiple Fruit
derived from several ovaries of several flowers or from the ovaries of a compact inflorescence.

6. As to structure, consistency & dehiscence
(includes the state of the pericarp in the ripened fruit)
Fleshy
when the pericarp is soft, juicy (or pulpy) or succulent
Dry
when the pericarp is dry or papery upon maturity

7. Dichotomous Key 1 Simple Fruits 2 Fleshy Fruits
3 Fleshy part derived from the ovary
4 Entire ovary fleshy, enclosing several seeds .….. berry
5 Leathery rind …………………………………… hespiridium
Hard rind ……………………………………….. pepo
Outer part of ovary fleshy, inner part stony
usually enclosing one seed ………………………. drupe
Mesocarp fleshy ………………………………. fleshy drupe
6 Mesocarp fibrous ……………………………… fibrous drupe
3 Fleshy part derived mainly from the torus ………….. pome

8. Simple-Fleshy-Berry-Hespiridium
Derived from a fleshy ovary enclosing several seeds. Has thick leathery skin containing oil.
Kalamansi (Citrus microcarpa)
Mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata)

9. Hespiridium Anatomy peel/exocarp flavedo/epicarp albedo/mesocarp
endocarp
seed
carpels sections with fluid-filled sacs called vesicles
septum
Hespiridium Anatomy

10. Simple-Fleshy-Berry-Pepo
Derived from a fleshy ovary enclosing many seeds. Pepo has hard, thick rind.
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
Water melon (Citrullus lanatus)

11. Pepo Anatomy

12. Simple-Fleshy-Drupe-Fleshy
Fleshy mesocarp and ovary. Seed enclosed within a stony endocarp (pit).
Peach (Prunus persica)
Mango (Mangifera Indica)

13. Fleshy Drupe Anatomy

14. endocarp
endocarp
seed
seed

15. Simple-Fleshy-Drupe-Fibrous
Fibrous mesocarp and fleshy ovary. Seed enclosed within a stony endocarp (pit)
Coconut (Cocos nucifera)

16. Fibrous Drupe Anatomy

17. Simple-Fleshy-Pome
Fleshy part derived mainly from torus. Ovary surrounded by fleshy hypanthium.
Apple (Malus domestica)
Pears (Pyrus sp.)

18. Pome Anatomy

19. Dry Fruits
7 Dehiscent
Fruit derived from one carpel
Splitting along 1 seam (1 suture) .……..……… follicle
9 Splitting along 2 seams (2 sutures) ...…..…….. legume/pod
Fruit derived from 2 or more carpel
10 Carpels 2, persistent partition wall
after splitting …..………………………………… silique
Carpels 2 or more, splitting in one
of four different ways …………………………… capsule
Splitting along the locule ……….………….. loculicidal
11 Splitting along the septa …………………… septicidal
Splitting along the terminal pore ………….. poricidal
11 Splitting along a circular horizontal line ….. circumscissile

20. Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-Follicle
Dry fruit derived from one carpel splitting along one seam
Kalachuchi (Plumeria rubra)
Star anise (Illicium verum)

21. Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-Legume/Pod
Dry fruit derived from one carpel splitting along two seam
Chicharo (Pisum sativum)
Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)

22. Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-Silique
Dry fruit derived from two or more carpel with persistent partition wall after splitting
Narrowleaf bittercress
(Cardamine impatiens)
Bluepod Rockcress
(Boechera glaucovalvula)

23. (Splitting along the locule) (Splitting along the septum)
Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-Capsule
Derived from two or more carpel splitting in one or four ways
Loculicidal
(Splitting along the locule)
Septicidal
(Splitting along the septum)
Jimson weed (Datura stramonium)
Calico Flower (Aristolochia littoralis)

24. Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-Capsule
Poricidal
(Splitting along the terminal pore)
Circumscissile
(Splitting along a circular horizontal line)
Opium (Papaver somniferum)
Twinberry (Menodora scabra)

25. Indehiscent Fruits
Seed inseparable from the fruit wall …………………… grain/caryopsis
12 Seed separable from the fruit wall
13 Fruit with wings ……………………………………….. samara/key
13 Fruit without wings
14 Fruit wall very hard, one seeded ….……………. nut
Fruit wall thin, one seed attached
to ovary wall at one point ………………………… achene
Seeds not coming out of fruit although united
carpels split apart at maturity .…………………………… schizocarp

26. Simple-Dry-Indehiscent-Grain/Caryopsis
Seed inseparable from the fruit wall.
Rice (Oriza sativa)
Corn (Zea mays)

27. Rice Grain Anatomy

28. Corn Kernel Anatomy

29. Simple-Dry-Indehiscent-Samara/Key
Seed separable from the fruit wall. Fruit with wings
Mahogany (Shorea negrosensis)
Narra (Pterocarpus indicus)

30. Simple-Dry-Indehiscent-Nut
Fruit without wings and with very hard fruit wall. Has only one seed.
Pili nut
(Canarium ovatum)
Cashew nut
(Anacardium occidentale)

31. Simple-Dry-Indehiscent-Achene
Seed without wings and with thin fruit wall. One seed attached to ovary wall at one point.
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
Strawberry (Fragaria sp.)

32. Simple-Dry-Indehiscent-Schizocarp
Seed not coming out of fruit although united carpels split apart at maturity
Little mallow (Malva parviflora)
Queen Anne’s Lace (Daucus carota)

33. 1 Compound Fruits
15 Fruits from several ovaries of one flower massed
on a common receptacle .……………………………….... aggregate
Fruit from several ovaries of several flowers
of compact inflorescence …………………………………. collective/multiple

34. Many ovaries derived from a single flower
Compound-Aggregate
Many ovaries derived from a single flower
Strawberry (Fragaria sp.)

35. Compound-Multiple/Collective
From several ovaries of several flowers of a compact inflorescence
Pineapple (Ananas comosus)

36. Seed Dispersal

37. Plants often solicit the aid of animals, as well as abiotic forces such as wind, to accomplish both of these.
insects — insects much less important for dispersal than pollination, but ants often involved in dispersal
birds, mammals, reptiles, and even fish — much more important for dispersal than pollination
wind — important in both pollination and dispersal
water — minor importance in pollination, somewhat greater in dispersal
self dispersal — just like some plants carry out self pollination, some plants have mechanisms for self dispersal.

38. Why is dispersal important?
Avoid competition with parent and siblings
Colonize new habitats
Avoid pathogens and predators
Minimize inbreeding

39. Methods of dispersal are often tied to
certain habitats
Wind — prairie/grasslands, mountains, forest trees, weedy areas
External attachment to animals — forest plants relatively low to ground
Ingestion by animals — forest plants
Water — plants that grow in wetlands and along streams
Ballistic — various; some parasitic plants, some forest plants, some weedy plants