1. Environmental Impacts of Alternative & Future Energy Sources - Overview 2008 AWMA Southern Section Annual Meeting & Tech. Conf. 05 AUG – 08 AUG 2008 R. Mark Bricka Mississippi State University Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering

2. Current Energy Use Electricity Generation – Coal & Natural Gas Most Used Transportation – Essentially all Petrochemical Heat – Coal / Oil / NG / Electricity –Uses Home/Industrial Space Heat CPI / Industrial Usage

3. The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption in the Nation’s Energy Supply, 2007 Source: EIA’s Renewable Energy Annual Report May 2008 Energy Sources

4. What is Alternative Energy Alternative energy a transpiration fuel, electrical power or thermal energy derived from a renewable (non-petrochemical) source.

5. Types of Alternative Energy Nuclear – Thermal/Electrical Hydropower – Electrical/Mechanical Tidal Power – Electrical/Mechanical Geothermal – Thermal/Electrical Fuel Cells– Electrical Solar – Heat/Electrical Wind Energy – Electrical Biogas Energy – Thermal/Electrical Biomass Energy – Thermal/Electrical

6. Solar Heat –Passive –Active Electricity –Photovoltaic Cells

7. Wind Energy Turbines –Inefficient –Land Usage

8. Fuel Cells Convert chemical energy directly into electricity and heat, rather than oxidize fuel Fuel catalytically reacted – typically H 2

9. Biomass – the Low Hanging Fruit Energy Crops Agricultural and Forestry Waste Industrial and Consumer Waste Manures

10. Biogas Energy Combustion Process –Landfills –Digesters Cow /Pig / Poultry Human

11. Bio Energy/ Bio Fuels Fuels –Methane –Ethanol –Methanol –Bio Diesel –Syn Gas –Bio Oil

12. Thermal Conversion of Biomass to Energy Combustion Pyrolysis Gasification Heat Bio-Oil Producer Gas Turbines Boilers Engines Biological Process Heat Electricity Chemicals Fuels

13. Syn Gas / Bio Oil Combustion Excess air H 2 O & CO 2 Gasification Less than stoichiometric air H2, CO, CO 2 & H 2 O Pyrolysis Absence of Air

14. Gasifier

15. MSU Gasification

17. Pouring Bio-Oil

18. Bio - Oil

19. Pyrolysis Unit

20. Natchez Trace Greenhouses

21. Environmental Impacts of Alternative & Future Energy Sources - Overview 2008 AWMA Southern Section Annual Meeting & Tech. Conf. 05 AUG – 08 AUG 2008 R. Mark Bricka Mississippi State University Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering