1. Fossil Fuels Chapter 11

2. Energy Consumption Per capita energy consumption

3. Energy Consumption Energy consumption in the US

4. Energy Consumption Energy consumption in the US

5. Energy Consumption Energy consumption in the US

6. Fossil Fuels Are nonrenewable resources How Fossil Fuels Formed

7. Coal Types of Coal: Lignite (lowest quality) Subbituminous coal Bituminous coal Anthracite (highest quality)

8. Coal Coal Reserves

9. Coal Two basic types of Coal Mining: 1) Subsurface (underground) 2) Surface

10. Coal Safety Problems Associated with Coal 1) Increased risk of cancer 2) Black lung disease

11. Coal Environmental Impacts of the Mining Process: Prior to 1977, most surface mines were abandoned. Leading to water pollution and acid mine drainage. Current law requires all surface mines to be reclaimed.

12. Coal Environmental Impacts of Burning Coal: Increases CO 2 concentration in atmosphere Lower quality coals release sulfur and nitrogen dioxides, causing acid deposition

13. Coal Making Coal a Cleaner Fuel Using scrubbers Using fluidized-bed combustion

14. Oil and Natural Gas World commercial energy sources for electrical power:

15. Oil and Natural Gas Petroleum refining

16. Oil and Natural Gas Exploration for Oil and Natural Gas

17. Oil and Natural Gas Reserves of Oil

18. Oil and Natural Gas Reserves of Natural Gas

19. Oil and Natural Gas Global Oil Demand and Supply North America & Western Europe Consumption Production Persian Gulf region 50.6% 28.9% 5.9% 26.7%

20. Oil and Natural Gas Environmental Impacts of Oil and Natural Gas Production – Land disturbance Transport – Oil spills Combustion – – Pollution –Increased CO 2 emissions –Acid deposition

21. Oil and Natural Gas Largest Oil Spill in the US: Alaska, 1989

22. Oil and Natural Gas Largest Oil Spill in the US: Alaska, 1989

23. Oil and Natural Gas Case-in-Point: The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

24. Synfuels and Other Potential Fossil Fuel Resources Synthetic fuel sources: Tar sands (oil sands) Oil shales Gas hydrates Coal liquefaction Coal gasification Problem: these all still produce CO 2

25. The U.S. Energy Strategy Obj. 1: Increase energy efficiency and conservation

26. The U.S. Energy Strategy Obj. 1: Increase energy efficiency and conservation Obj. 2: Secure future fossil fuel energy supplies Obj. 3: Develop alternative energy sources Obj. 4: Meet above objectives without further damage to the environment