1. CULTURE Is all the features of a society’s way of life. All of a society’s shared values & technologies. Is all the features of a society’s way of life. All of a society’s shared values & technologies.

2. COMPONETS OF CULTURE Food Food Clothing Clothing Shelter Shelter Language Language Tools/Technology Tools/Technology Economic System Economic System Family Family Arts Arts Political System Political System Norms of Behavior Norms of Behavior Religion Religion

3. Cultural Traits: Non-Material / Material Cultural Traits: Non-Material / Material Religion Religion Language Language Gov’t / Econ. Gov’t / Econ. Customs Customs Holidays Holidays Social Groups Social Groups Music / Dance Music / Dance Clothing Clothing Jewelry Jewelry Food Food Architecture Architecture Technology Technology Tools Tools Art Art

4. Enthnocentrism Is the belief that your culture is superior to others. Examples: 1. British driving on wrong side of road. 2. Chinese eating with chopsticks. 3.European women & shaving. 4. Middle Easterners & bathing.

5. Stereotype An oversimplified belief; a generalization(broad)An oversimplified belief; a generalization(broad)

6. Traits Related and/or Change Related: Religion & Food :Islam-alcohol/Ramadan Judaism-pork/kosher Judaism-pork/kosher Religion and clothing Change Shelter: garages, porches,

7. Ethnocentrism or Stereotype? “Those British! They’re so polite!”“Those British! They’re so polite!” “Yeah, he’s a bodybuilder. I bet he had steroids for breakfast.”“Yeah, he’s a bodybuilder. I bet he had steroids for breakfast.” “Africans should NOT go around naked. They should wear clothes!”“Africans should NOT go around naked. They should wear clothes!” “Why do Irish people have such fiery tempers?”“Why do Irish people have such fiery tempers?” “If people in India would eat meat, it would end so much of their hunger problem.“If people in India would eat meat, it would end so much of their hunger problem.

8. Cultural Region An area or region where there are many shared cultural traits.An area or region where there are many shared cultural traits. Often divided by political boundaries.Often divided by political boundaries. Can also contain collections of countries example:(Scandinavia)Can also contain collections of countries example:(Scandinavia)

9. CULTURAL HEARTH A center of culture where ideas begin and spread to other cultures. A center of culture where ideas begin and spread to other cultures.

10. Cultures Change/Develop Always changing, often take centuries to develop, take new traits leave old ones behind.Always changing, often take centuries to develop, take new traits leave old ones behind. How to changes occur?How to changes occur?

11. INNOVATION New ways of doing things, that are useful and valuable for that culture.New ways of doing things, that are useful and valuable for that culture. DIFFUSION The movement of an innovation or other culture trait through a society and perhaps into another culture region.The movement of an innovation or other culture trait through a society and perhaps into another culture region. Name some examples?Name some examples?

12. Acculturation - adapting or borrowing traits from other cultures. (language)

13. RESOURCES Basic needs like food, clothing, shelter.Basic needs like food, clothing, shelter. What is necessary for daily life?What is necessary for daily life? 3 innovations that have greatly affected history: 1.farming 2.living in cities, 2.living in cities, 3.using machinery(printing press, stirrup) 3.using machinery(printing press, stirrup)

14. Hunting & Gathering Before people knew how to grow plants & animals, gathered & hunted. (today- Bushmen of Kalahari; climate is poor for agriculture)Before people knew how to grow plants & animals, gathered & hunted. (today- Bushmen of Kalahari; climate is poor for agriculture)

15. Agriculture Agriculture: raising animals, planting crops; rapidly changed face of earth, clearing fields, forests, etc. (rain forest)Agriculture: raising animals, planting crops; rapidly changed face of earth, clearing fields, forests, etc. (rain forest) More food, larger populations, people not nomadic—development of cities. More food, larger populations, people not nomadic—development of cities.

16. Subsistence Farming farming enough food to support family or village. (Developing Countries)

17. Commercial Farming highly productive farming, crops are sold for $, products are distributed, technology & equipment. (Developed Countries)

18. World Religions Major Religions of the World Buddhism Judaism Hinduism Christianity Islam

19. CH. 4 Demography - the study of populations: birth & death rates, marriages, families, etc...

20. Population The worldwide trend over the past 50 years is increased urbanization.

21. Metropolitan Areas Urbanization - is the growth of city populations Rural Areas - countryside or farming regions

22. Immigrants - people who move into a country. Emigrants - people who leave a country to live elsewhere.

23. Population Density Is the avg. # of people per square mile/km. Is the avg. # of people per square mile/km. Densest areas include: 1) E. Asia, 2) S. Asia, 3) Europe, 4) E. U.S.

24. Birth Rate - # of live births each year out of every 1000 people. Death Rate - # of deaths each year out of every 1000 people.

25. Defining a Country 1) Territory - land, water, resources in boundaries 2) Population - size & makeup of people

26. Defining a Country 3) Sovereignty - freedom & power to make policies & actions. 4) Government - structure & type of authority.

27. Government Structure: Gov’t Type Gov’t Power Unitarian - Central Confederation - Units Federal - Shared

28. Gov’t Type UNITARY: One central gov’t runs nation. Central gov’t makes all laws (Britain & Japan)

29. Gov’t Type CONFEDERATION: Smaller units keep their power and give a central gov’t limited authority. (Confederate States)

30. Gov’t Type FEDERAL: A central gov’t shares power with smaller units (states). (U.S.)

31. Gov’t Authority Authoritarian: Leaders hold all or most of the power

32. Authoritarian Types 1) Dictatorship - military force, little freedom. 2) Totalitarianism - total control over all parts of society: political, econ, pers. freedom

33. Authoritaian Types 3) Monarchy - inherit power & rule as dictator. Constitutional Monarchies have a division of power

34. Gov’t Authority Democracy: People choose leaders & gov’t policy. Representative democracy citizens vote for reps. who make laws. (U.S.)

35. Economic/Infrastructure Systems Infrastructure- support systems, needed to keep economy going. (power, transportation,etc) Goods - “things” you buy Services - something that you pay someone to do

36. Economic Systems 1) What (& how many) goods/services produced? 2) How will products be produced? 3) How will products & wealth be distributed?

37. Economic Systems Communism Socialism Capitalism Communism - “controlled market” “state” makes decisions, owns & operates industries

38. Economic Systems Socialism - “mixed econ.” state owns & operates basic industries with some private companies, shared decisions on policies.

39. Economic Systems Capitalism - “free market econ.” People make decisions little gov’t control. (supply & demand)

40. Supply & Demand Supply If supply is Supply If supply is high & high & demand is low demand is low then prices go then prices go Demand down. Demand down.

41. Supply & Demand Demand If demand is Demand If demand is high & high & supply is low supply is low then prices go then prices go Supply up. Supply up.

42. Natural Resources: Materials people take from the environment to survive & satisfy needs

43. Natural Resources: Renewable Resources - the environment continues to supply (soil, water, trees). Non-renewable - cannot be reused, or take millions of years to replace.

44. Fossil Fuels: Formed from ancient remains of plants & animals. 1) Coal, 2) Oil 3) Natural Gas

45. Alternative Energy Sources Nuclear - created by fission (splitting uranium atoms to release energy)

46. Alternative Energy Sources Geothermal - using steam created by the earth’s internal heat to convert into electricity.

47. Alternative Energy Sources Hydroelectric - using dams to convert water into electricity

48. Alternative Energy Sources Solar - convert energy from the sun.

49. Manufacturing the process of turning raw materials into finished products.

50. Service Industries provides a service for people other than manufacturing or gathering raw materials: (transportation, sales, ed., banking, health, advert.)

51. Developed Countries modern, industrial societies with technology & well developed economies: (U.S., Japan, Germany, U.K.) modern, industrial societies with technology & well developed economies: (U.S., Japan, Germany, U.K.)

52. Developing Countries poorer countries with less technology & industry, depend on developed countries for many industrial goods. (Mexico, Somalia, etc...) poorer countries with less technology & industry, depend on developed countries for many industrial goods. (Mexico, Somalia, etc...)

53. 1st World 2nd World 3rd World U.S./Ger. China/Russia Developing U.S./Ger. China/Russia Developing believe in believe in Countries Freedom Control 1st & 2nd Democracy Authoritarian World are Capitalism Communism competing for influence for influence of these of these

54. GDP -Gross Domestic Product the total value of all goods and services produced by a country in a given period of time. (measures wealth)

55. Per Capita Income Per Capita Income $ person. a nation’s GDP divided by its total population. (Compares nations by how productive the average citizen is)