1. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Chapter 1 Electric Circuit Variables

2. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.2-1 Title page of Robert Boyle’s book on electrical science, published in 1675. Courtesy of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, London.

3. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.2-2 In his studies of attraction and gravitation, Guericke devised the first electrical generator. When a hand was held on a sulfur ball revolving in its frame, the ball attracted paper, feathers, chaff, and other light objects. Courtesy of Burndy Library.

4. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.2-3 Illustration of Leyden jar for retaining electrical charges. The charges developed from the rotating glass globes (left) were transmitted through the central conductor and led down a wire to the bottle, which was partly filed with water. With the bottle held in one hand, the other hand completed the circuit—with a resulting shock. Courtesy of Burndy Library.

5. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.2-4 A display of lightning. Courtesy of the National Severe Storms Laboratory.

6. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.2-5 Benjamin Franklin and a section of the lightning rod erected in his Philadelphia home in September 1752. Divergence of the balls indicated a charged cloud overhead. With this apparatus Franklin discovered that most clouds were negatively charged and that “ ’tis the earth that strikes into the clouds, and not the clouds that strike into the earth.” Courtesy of Burndy Library.

7. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.2-6 Title page of the book on electrical science by Joseph Priestley (1767). Courtesy of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, London.

8. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.2-7 Luigi Galvani in 1786 noticed that a frog’s leg would twitch if touched by two dissimilar metals, copper and zinc. Courtesy of Burndy Library.

9. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.2-8 Allesandro Volta. Courtesy of Burndy Library.

10. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.2-9 The voltaic pile, which was a series of successions of three conducting substances—plate of silver, a plate of zinc, and a similar piece of spongy matter impregnated with a saline solution—repeated 30 or 40 times. Courtesy of Burndy Library.

11. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.2-10 André-Marie Ampère. Courtesy of the Library of Congress.

12. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.2-11 James Prescott Joule (1818-1889). Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.

13. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.2-12 Maxwell in 1855 as a student at Cambridge University, England. Courtesy of Burndy Library.

14. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.3-1 A simple circuit.

15. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.3-2 A general two-terminal electrical element with terminals a and b.

16. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.3-3 A circuit with five elements.

17. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.3-4 Current in a circuit element.

18. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.3-5 A direct current of Magnitude I.

19. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.3-6 (a) A ramp with a slope M. (b) A sinusoid. (c) An exponential. I is a constant. The current i is zero for t  0.

20. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.3-7 Current waveform for Example 1.3-3.

21. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.3-8 Current waveform for Example 1.3-4.

22. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.3-9 Sketch of q(t) for Example 1.3-4.

23. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.5-1 Voltage across a circuit element.

24. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.6-1 (a) The passive convention is used for element voltage and current. (b) The passive convention is not used.

25. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.6-2 The element considered in Example 1.6-2.

26. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.6-3 An element with the current flowing into the terminal with a negative voltage sign.

27. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.7-1 (a) A direct-reading (analog) meter and (b) a digital meter.

28. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.7-2 (a) Ideal ammeter and (b) ideal voltmeter.

29. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.8-1 The problem-solving method.

30. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.8-2 An element with a voltmeter and ammeter.

31. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.8-3 The circuit from Figure 1.8-2 with the ammeter probes reversed.

32. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.9-1 A circuit element with a measured current and voltage.

33. Chapter 1: Electric Circuit Variables ©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed Figure 1.10-1 The circuit to control a jet valve for a space rocket.