1. 5th AIT Masters Theses Competition May 17, 2010 Miss Nisita Khongpaiton Name: Miss Nisita Khongpaiton Dr. Preeda Parkpian Advisor: Dr. Preeda Parkpian SERD/Environmental Engineering and Management School/FoS: SERD/Environmental Engineering and Management

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6. 6 YearHg Import (Kg)Sources 199630,405Belgium Germany Algeria Spain U.K. Netherlands Japan Malaysia Etc. 199813,064 200012,080 200213,110 200410,711 200614,363 20086,155 20093,861

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8. 8 Quantification of Mercury-Containing Wastes and Management Practices in Thailand 1. Tracking Hg use and its wastes within Thailand 3. Current Hg containing waste management practices 4. Environmental Sound Management Compilation 5. Recommendation better and appropriate of Hg containing waste Management in Thailand 2. Hg containing waste Estimation

9. 9 Source: UNEP, 2005 1.1 Coal combustion in large power plants 1.2 Other coal combustion 1.3 Extraction, refining and use of mineral oil 1.4 Extraction, refining and use of natural gas 1.5 Extraction and use of other fossil fuels 1.6 Biomass fired power and heat production 1.7 Geothermal power production 1.1 Coal combustion in large power plants 1.2 Other coal combustion 1.3 Extraction, refining and use of mineral oil 1.4 Extraction, refining and use of natural gas 1.5 Extraction and use of other fossil fuels 1.6 Biomass fired power and heat production 1.7 Geothermal power production

10. 10 UNEP’s Toolkit for identification and quantification of mercury releases (2005)

11. 11 EGAT’s Mae Moh Power Plant in Thailand (2,625 MW)

12. 12 Year Activity rate (ton) Input factor (mg Hg/kg lignite) Total Hg Emission(kg) Output factor Hg emission (kg Hg) 1996 16,405,340 0.12 1,969Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 787/ GW 1,181 1997 18,010,806 0.12 2,161Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 865/ GW 1,297 1998 15,388,095 0.12 1,847Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 739/ GW 1,108 1999 13,893,584 0.12 1,667Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 667/ GW 1,000 2000 14,120,569 0.12 1,694Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 678/ GW 1,017 2001 15,744,116 0.12 1,889Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 756/ GW 1,134 2002 15,035,329 0.12 1,804Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 722/ GW 1,083 2003 15,406,532 0.12 1,849Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 740/ GW 1,109 2004 16,536,694 0.12 1,984Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 794/ GW 1,191 2005 16,571,091 0.12 1,989Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air795/ GW 1,193 2006 15,815,374 0.12 1,898Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 759/ GW 1,139 2007 15,811,050 0.12 1,897Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 759/ GW 1,138 2008 16,407,465 0.12 1,969Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 788/ GW 1,181 2009 15,818,265 0.12 1,898Air 0.4, GW 0.6 Air 759/ GW 1,139

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16. Current Management Practices of Hg Waste 16 Source: Simachaya, W., PCD, 2009 1) Air pollution control systems Electrostatic Precipitator (EP) Low NOx Burner Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD)

17. RecommendationsRecommendations 17 Source: NESCAUM, 2003

18. Current Practices at EGAT’s Mae Moh Power Plant 18 Source: Cheerarot, R. et al, 2004

19. Current Management Practices 19 “Zero Discharge Policy” Re-injecting produced water separator, de-oiler cyclone, chemical flocculation processes Up-Stream Exploration & Production Shipping & Trading Refining & Marketing Down-Stream Electricity Industry Consumer

20. 20 Monitor Hg vapor by Jerome meter Storage at Songkhla Logistics Base Waste Removal Storage at Offshore Shipment Source: PTTEP PTTEP: Hg Waste Handling

21. 21 Source: PTTEP Vacuum Distillation Recovery of Mercury Incineration Distillate and dry residues DELA, Germany AVR/BMT, Netherlands Rotary Kiln PTTEP: Export of Hg Waste

22. 22 Where is mercury come from??? Body tissues e.g. in blood and hair Dental Amalgam Filling Coffin (part of coffin decoration) Crematoria and cemeteries

23. 23 Open burning of corpse in some areas Current Practices of Crematoria

24. 24 Source: PCD 2 Chambers Crematory Duration >1 sec. Temperature - before burning 900 o C - burning > 1,000 o C 2 nd Chambers (or last chamber) 1 st Chambers Fuel (Diesel/gas) Temperature Control Door Air Recommendation for Crematoria

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26. 26 Thesis Examination Committee  Dr. Preeda Parkpian (Chairperson)  Prof. C. Visvanathan  Dr. Siraprapha Sanchatjate  Dr. Katerachada Klankrong SERD/Environmental Engineering and Management Head, Research & Education Support Office