2. Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Module 24: Explaining Motivation Karl Weatherly/Getty Images

3. MODULE 24 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Motivation The factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms

4. MODULE 24 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Explaining Motivation Instincts –Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned Jeremy Woodhouse/Getty Images

5. MODULE 24 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Drive Reduction Approaches When people lack some basic biological requirement such as water, a drive to obtain that requirement is produced Spencer Jones/Getty Images

6. MODULE 24 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Drive Reduction Approaches Drive Motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior in order to fulfill some need Primary drive Basic drives related to biological needs of the body or the species as a whole Secondary drives Needs are brought about by prior experience and learning

7. MODULE 24 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Drive Reduction Approaches Homeostasis –A basic motivational phenomena that underlies primary drives and involves the body’s tendency to maintain a steady internal state

8. MODULE 24 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Arousal Approaches: Beyond Drive Reduction Arousal Approaches to Motivation –We try to maintain a certain level of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary PhotoLink/Getty Images

9. MODULE 24 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Incentive Approaches: Motivation’s Pull Incentive approaches to motivation –Suggests that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals, or incentives Rob Melnychuk/Getty Images PhotoDisc/Getty Images

10. MODULE 24 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cognitive Approaches: The Thoughts Behind Motivation Cognitive approaches suggest that motivation is a product of people’s thoughts, expectations, and goals Intrinsic motivation –Causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment Extrinsic motivation –Causes us to do something for some concrete, tangible reward