1. JAXA’s Space Exploration Scenario for the Next Twenty Years - Science Strategy - Masato Nakamura Steering Committee of Space Science Institute of Space and Astronautical Science Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

2. ISASNASDA NAL October 2003 ISAS Japan Space Exploration Center JAXA 2007

3. ISAS’s mission from 1980s 3

4. ISASNASDA NAL October 2003 ISAS Japan Space Exploration Center JAXA 2007

5. In 2006, the steering committee of space science of ISAS/JAXA started to renew its solar system exploration plan, which originally announced in late 1990’s and early 2000’s Preparation committee of exploration center of JAXA also started to work on its original solar system exploration plan in 2006 Joint committee of above two worked on JAXA’s exploration plan and it is announced in May 2007.

6. JAXA’s approach to Solar System Science 4 Major Scientific Objectives for exploration of the solar system Empirical explanation of the origin of the solar system Explanation of the evolution and diversity of planets Explanation of the environment required for life to occur and evolve Understanding the origins of space plasma processes

7. Empirical explanation of the origin of the solar system The objective here is to clarify how primordial solar nebula forms into planets. Towards that goal, Japan will explore primitive bodies in the solar system. These bodies contain a record of the initial stages in the formation of our solar system. From the exploration of Jovian planets and their satellites, it is possible to clarify the origin of gas planets and thereby impose restrictions on primordial solar nebula. Clarifying initial conditions and evolution of primordial solar nebula also plays an important role in the observation of protoplanetary disks and planetary systems outside our solar system. These observations rely heavily on cooperation with astronomical satellites, especially infrared astronomy satellites.

8. Explain the evolution and diversity of planets Why is our Earth the only planet in the solar system with the appropriate conditions (e.g. atmosphere, oceans) to sustain life? What is the ultimate cause of planetary climate change? How are planetary magnetospheres generated and how do they become extinct? How does the mechanism that drives the crust and mantle differ among planets? The objective here is to clarify both our current environment and the 4.5 billion-year history since the birth of planets. To answer these fundamental questions, it is necessary to clarify 1) the structure, movement, and variation of planetary atmospheres; 2) the internal structure of planets; and 3) the topography and structure of planetary surfaces.

9. Explain the environment required for life The search for life beyond Earth has the potential of expanding the study of Earth life science to the universal domain of space life science. This search will provide clues to the existence of intelligent life outside our solar system. The search for life beyond Earth includes many meaningful tasks such as exploring 1) the organic and volatile components of primitive bodies, 2) the conditions on Mars and the moons of outer planets (e.g. Europa, Titan), and 3) the planets outside our solar system that have the potential to support life.

10. Understanding the origins of space plasma processes Through in situ space observations, the objectives here are to clarify space plasma phenomena and to deepen our unified understanding of planetary magnetospheres. This understanding will contribute greatly to the further clarification of 1) long-term changes in planetary environment under the influence of the sun, and 2) diverse cosmic plasma phenomena studied in solar physics and X-ray astronomy. Progress towards these objectives requires in situ observations of planetary magnetospheres other than the Earth and Sun along with super precise observations of the Earth’s magnetosphere and space plasma dynamics.

11. Four tasks to be challenged to approach these objectives Lunar and terrestrial planetary science Primitive bodies Planetary atmosphere Planetary magnetosphere and solar system plasma physics

12. Exploration roadmap of JAXA

13. On going mission (1) Hayabusa Launched in 2003 Arrival at Itokawa in 2005 Return to Earth in 2010

14. On going mission(2)

15. Mission in preparation(1) Planet-C Venus Climate Orbiter Launch May 2010 Arrival Dec. 2010

16. Mission in preparation (2) BepiColombo Mercury Mission Collaboration with ESA Launch 2013

17. Terrestrial Planetary Exploration Luna Interior exploration Luna Landing and Sample return Mars scientific exploration SELENE 2 SELENE X Mars mission

18. Primitive Body Exploration Hayabusa-2 C-type asteroid (Hayabusa like Spacecraft) Hayabusa-Mk2 （ Advanced Sample return mission ）

19. Planetary Atmospheric Science Planetary meteorology atmosphere evolution climate change

20. Exploring planetary climate: from Venus to Mars Understanding the evolution and diversity of planetary climate PLANET-C / Venus Climate Orbiter (2010) Heritages of technology Venus balloon Mars orbiter Mars lander

21. ...... 2026 Jovian Atmospheric Exploration - Dynamical structure of a giant gas planet with fast rotation - Study the cumulonimbus cloud and the thunder storm - Mysterious composition of the atmosphere

22. Planetary Magnetosphere Science Mercury, Earth, Jupiter Formation observation

23. Jupiter Mars Mercury EarthSun No global magnetosphere: Atmospheric erosion Gigantic magnetosphere: Particle acceleration Space is not empty! Solar wind and high energy particles from the sun interact with planetary magnetosphere Nozomi （ 1998 ） BepiColombo （ 2013 ） Jupiter mission (2020) Small magnetosphere: Unknown parameter regime

24. Basic Policy of JAXA’s Future Science Mission Top-level scientific objectives Originality Technical feasibility International missions

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