1. RockOn! 2009 1 Geiger Counter RockOn! 2009

2. 2 What Are We Building ?

3. RockOn! 2009 3 Geiger Counter Background RockOn! 2009

4. 4 Radiation: Overview -Radiation is generally viewed as harmful to space payloads. -While some projects purposely expose parts to the saturated Van Allen belts to investigate the effects of high energy particles, some projects must avoid harmful doses at all costs. -Sparse data has been collected from suborbital airspace. -This payload will allow for a large collection of data sets. Van Allen Belts: www.nasa.gov

5. RockOn! 2009 5 Radiation: Effects - Single event phenomenon (SEP), burnouts and bit flips can cause damage to solid state devices aboard a space payload. -An understanding of dose levels is ideal to plan a mission to sub-orbital altitudes, especially with sensitive optics or microprocessors. SEP diagram: www.aero.org/

6. RockOn! 2009 6 Radiation: Effects -There are three types of radioactive emissions: -Alpha - the least penetrating form of radiation, can be stopped with a piece of paper or a few inches of air. -Beta-rays are more penetrating than alpha-rays -Gamma-rays are the most penetrating form of radiation. Often produced in conjunction with alpha or beta-rays, they can penetrate several inches of steel or hundreds of feet in air. Particle comparison: www.freedomforfissi on.org.uk

7. RockOn! 2009 7 Radiation: A General Trend - Radiation levels roughly double every 5000 feet in altitude, so at sea level dosage will be roughly ½ the level observed in Denver, Colorado.

8. RockOn! 2009 8 Radiation: A General Trend -However, radiation levels do depend on the level of cosmic radiation, effective shielding, and any ground or building materials containing radioactive materials. -In general, at sea level; you should see 12-14 counts per minute. -This device has resolution to 2 μs. Which indicates it cannot detect particle events closer than 2 μs to each other.

9. RockOn! 2009 9 Radiation: A General Trend

10. RockOn! 2009 10 Radiation: Dosage and Limits Shielding can drastically reduce the observed dose. Be sure to wear safety glasses when handling the material. -Max dose for occupational workers (Nuclear Power) 5 Rem/yr (max exposure to retina). [2] -Max dose recommended for the general public 100 mRem from a high energy source over a short time frame. [2] -An average American receives 360 mRem/yr from natural background and manmade sources. [2] [2] http://www.jlab.org/div_dept/train/ rad_guide

11. RockOn! 2009 11 Radiation: Comparisons -A typical radiation dose from a chest x-ray is about 10 mRem per x-ray (Gamma exposure) [2] -Consumer products contain radiation, such as: smoke detectors, and lantern mantles. This dose is relatively small as compared to other naturally occurring sources of radiation and averages 10 mRem in a year (Alpha exposure). [2] 20 th Century Fox ©

12. RockOn! 2009 12 Radiation: Conversions - Generally, 75 counts per minute (CPM) is equivalent to 1 mRem/hr. -Therefore, 4500 CPM is roughly equivalent to 1 mRem -A source from a smoke detector makes up 2.8% of the yearly average expected dose, which is.027 mRem/day or.0012 mRem/hr -These numbers shouldn’t alarm you, an average person receives 1 mRem per day. 20 th Century Fox ©

13. RockOn! 2009 13 What Are We Building ? - Basic Geiger Counter - Audio and Visual Cues for Radiation Detection - Can detect Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiation.

14. RockOn! 2009 14 Organization: The boards may seem like an array of confusing electronics, but one can easily break the board into smaller subsystems of related components. This build is organized by different sub systems integral to the board.

15. RockOn! 2009 15 Integral Systems: - Geiger Tube - MC14049CP Hex Inverter - LN555C 555 Timer - Mini Step-up Transformer - GS 7805 5V Voltage Regulator - IRF830 Power MOSFET

16. RockOn! 2009 16 Safety/Background RockOn! 2009

17. 17 Board Safety: Caution: Many of the components used in this workshop are sensitive to electrostatic discharge (ESD). Please ensure that you are wearing your protective wrist strap at all times. There will be a warning slide when components are ESD and heat sensitive. Clipping leads can sometimes cause them to separate in a rapid manner that could cause injury. Please take caution when clipping leads. Wear your safety glasses at ALL TIMES!

18. RockOn! 2009 18 Reading a Resistor: The resistors in this workshop have already been organized by value. In the event that your resistors get mixed, please refer to the chart at the left to classify your resistors, or use your multimeter If you are unsure, don’t hesitate to raise your hand and ask for assistance.

19. RockOn! 2009 19 Verifying Kit Contents RockOn! 2009

20. 20 Prep Step 1: Tool Layout -Prepare tools for the construction process. -Put on your safety glasses.

21. RockOn! 2009 21 Prep Step 2: Grounding -Put on a static strap to remain grounded. Also make sure the strap is tight across your wrist. -This will protect any parts from electro-static discharge (ESD) and its harmful effects.

22. RockOn! 2009 22 Prep Step 3: Soldering Station -Turn on the soldering iron -Set the temperature control on the soldering iron to a temperature less than 700 °F and greater than 450 °F. - As a general rule use a temperature in the range between 550 and 650 degrees Fahrenheit.

23. RockOn! 2009 23 Prep Step 3: Soldering Station

24. RockOn! 2009 24 Prep Step 4: Tinning the iron -Tin the tip of the soldering iron by melting an inch or so of solder on the tip. -The iron will now look shiny on the tip. -Then wipe any excess solder on the golden sponge. -Now place the iron back into the holder. Tinning your soldering iron in this manner will aid in future soldering.

25. RockOn! 2009 25 Prep Step 4: Tinning the iron (close-up)

26. RockOn! 2009 26 Pre-Bending: Pre-Bending 101: -Pre-bending is a technique that allows components to be easily inserted into a PCB. -Pre-bending also allows components to lay more flush with the board. -Bending components to the correct bend radius takes practice, but mastering the technique will reap rewarding benefits!

27. RockOn! 2009 27 Pre-Bending: Pre-Bending 101: -Start with the bending and prodding tool in the position shown in the top picture. -Choose a location along the length of the tool that will yield the appropriate bend radius. -Use your thumb to bend the lead such that the component and lead are orthogonal. 90°

28. RockOn! 2009 28 Verify Kit Contents -Open your kits and verify the contents with the provided list and visual layout. -Find the Geiger Mueller (GM) Tube and set it aside in a safe place. -You won’t need the GM Tube until the last few steps. GM TUBE

29. RockOn! 2009 29 Verify Kit Contents: Resistors -R1 = 4.3 KΩ = (YOR) -R2 = 15 KΩ = (BrGrO) -R3 = 5.6 KΩ = (GrBlR) -R4 = 470 KΩ = (YVY) -R5 = 10 MΩ = (BrBkBl)

30. RockOn! 2009 30 Verify Kit Contents: Resistors -R7 = 150 KΩ = (BrGrY) -R8 = 470 Ω = (YVBr) -R9 = 330 Ω = (OOBr) -R14 = 220 KΩ = (RRY)

31. RockOn! 2009 31 Verify Kit Contents: Capacitors -Some capacitors have polarity, while others do not. Majority of capacitors used are not polarized. -*Note C4=C5 and C3=C10. -Some capacitors in use can carry charge long after power has been disconnected from the circuit (15-30 seconds). -Use caution especially around the high voltage (HV) section of the circuit to avoid a discharge shock. -The capacitors near the HV section have the capability of holding a 1 KV burst and will SHOCK YOU if touched with power connected or shortly after power is disconnected!

32. RockOn! 2009 32 Verify Kit Contents: Capacitors -C1 = Green Ceramic 0.0047 μF @ 20V -C2 = Green Ceramic 0.01 μF @ 100V -C3(±) = Black Electrolytic 220 μF @ 10V -C4 = Orange Ceramic 0.1 μF @ 1KV -C5 = Orange Ceramic 0.1 μF @ 1KV C1C2C4C5 C3 - +

33. RockOn! 2009 33 Verify Kit Contents: Capacitors -C7 = Green Ceramic or Orange Ceramic 0.047 μF @100V -C8 = Green Ceramic 0.01 μF @ 100V -C10(±) = Black Electrolytic 220 μF @ 10V -C12 = Orange Ceramic 120 pF @100V C7C8C10 - + C12

34. RockOn! 2009 34 Verify Kit Contents: Diodes -All diodes in this kit have polarity -*Note these similar diodes D5=D6, D2=D3=D9 -D1 = 1N914 = -D2 = 1N4007 @ 1KV = -D3 = 1N4007 @ 1KV =

35. RockOn! 2009 35 Verify Kit Contents: Diodes -D4 = 1N5271 @ 100V = -D5 = 1N5281 @ 200V = -D6 = 1N5281 @ 200V = -D9= 1N4007 @ 1KV =

36. RockOn! 2009 36 Verify Kit Contents: Diodes -D10 = 1N75 @ 5.1 V = -D11= 1N914=

37. RockOn! 2009 37 Verify Kit Contents: Miscellaneous Q4 (NPN Transistor)Q1 (IRF830)Q3 (7805 Regulator)

38. RockOn! 2009 38 Verify Kit Contents: Miscellaneous -D7 (Red Led)-T1 (Mini Step-up Transformer)

39. RockOn! 2009 39 Verify Kit Contents: Miscellaneous -U1 (16 pin 4049 chip and socket) -U2 (8 pin 555 Timer chip and socket)

40. RockOn! 2009 40 Let’s Start Building! RockOn! 2009

41. 41 TIPS: - The ESD wrist strap must be tight on your wrist at all times. -DO NOT linger on parts with the soldering iron. -As a general rule use a 3-5 second linger time with a 10-20 second cool time for parts. -Mount and solder components flush to the board unless otherwise stated.

42. RockOn! 2009 42 TIPS: -Use caution when clipping leads to avoid flinging metal across the room. -All soldering must achieve a good solder filet on the pad as shown for circuit reliability. -Also clip the leads as shown in the solder filet example with little excess wire above the top of the filet. -Bend resistors and diodes using your plastic tool as shown. Example of a good solder filet workmanship. nasa.gov

43. RockOn! 2009 43 Board Schematic:

44. RockOn! 2009 44 Board Schematic:

45. RockOn! 2009 45 Schematic Overview – Part Highlighting: -Blue highlights indicate parts will be added to the board in the current step. -Green highlights indicate components already on the board but relevant to the current step. Part added previously Part to be added

46. RockOn! 2009 46 Schematic Overview – Coordinates (A1): -All schematic close-ups include coordinates so they can be easily located in your schematic printout. -The coordinates correspond to the letters across the side of the schematic and the numbers across the top. Coordinates given here Numbers across top Letters along side

47. RockOn! 2009 47 Current Sub System: Geiger Counter Sub Systems: Oscillator High Voltage (Unregulated) DC Voltage Regulation High Voltage Regulation Output Pulse

48. RockOn! 2009 48 Oscillator Circuit – Coordinates (A1): Acts as an inverting buffer for oscillator output Current limiting resistor -This circuitry creates an oscillatory square wave to switch the primary windings of the mini step-up transformer on and off. -The speed of this oscillation is determined from the RC circuit design.

49. RockOn! 2009 49 Oscillator Circuit – Coordinates (B1): Rectifying Diode Pull Down Resistor -Here the capacitor C1 acts like a switch. Because of the setup of the inverting buffer pins, the circuit will form a rectified oscillating square wave at U1D. -This circuit oscillates at a frequency according to the time constant from the RC circuit. (~50 KHz) Timing Capacitor Timing Resistor Inverting Buffer Allows Oscillating High Freq Voltage to pass

50. RockOn! 2009 50 Special Resistors – Coordinates (B2 and B4): Current limiting resistor -This includes the odd footprint soldering at the beginning of the board construction. Current limiting resistor

51. RockOn! 2009 51 Let’s Start Building -The board shall be oriented in this manner for the duration of this kit construction unless indicated otherwise. -Raise your hand for assistance if any issues arise.

52. RockOn! 2009 52 Step 1: R7 (150KΩ BrGrY) -Mount and solder R7 into the appropriate place on the PCB. -**This resistor is in a location that was originally designed for a capacitor.** -The PCB design requires the awkward bending of the resistor. -Consult the following pictures for examples of this.

53. RockOn! 2009 53 Step 1: R7 (before)

54. RockOn! 2009 54 Step 2: R7 (mounting)

55. RockOn! 2009 55 Step 2: R14 (220KΩ RRY) -Mount and solder R14 into the appropriate place on the PCB. -**This resistor is in a location that was originally designed for a capacitor.** -The PCB design requires the awkward bending of the resistor. -Consult the following pictures for examples of this.

56. RockOn! 2009 56 Step 2: R14 (before)

57. RockOn! 2009 57 Step 2: R14 (after)

58. RockOn! 2009 58 Step 3: 16 pin socket -Mount and solder the 16 pin socket to the appropriate location on the PCB. -**This chip socket has a defined orientation note the notch on the PCB as well as the socket itself.** -Match notch to notch to allow the correct orientation. -Start by soldering opposite corners of the socket to mount to the board for easier soldering. Also ensure the socket is flush with the board. Notch

59. RockOn! 2009 59 Step 3: 16 pin socket (after)

60. RockOn! 2009 60 Step 4: C1 and C2 -Mount and solder C1 and C2 into the appropriate places on the PCB. -These capacitors are not polarized, so the orientation of mounting will not compromise performance. -C1 (0.0047 μF @ 10V) -C2 (0.01 μF @ 100V) C1 C2

61. RockOn! 2009 61 Step 4: C1 and C2 (after)

62. RockOn! 2009 62 Step 4: C1 and C2 (after close-up)

63. RockOn! 2009 63 Step 5: D1 (1N914) -Mount and solder D1 into the appropriate place on the PCB. -This diode is polarized. -Orient the diode to match the black line on the diode to the line drawn on the PCB. D1

64. RockOn! 2009 64 Step 5: D1 (before)

65. RockOn! 2009 65 Step 5: D1 (after close up) -Notice the black line on the diode matches the PCB silkscreen. -It is very important to mount all diodes in the proper orientation!

66. RockOn! 2009 66 Step 6: R1 R2 R3 -Mount and solder R1, R2, and R3 into the appropriate place on the PCB. -These resistors are not polarized, so orientation will not effect performance. -Bend the leads of the resistor around the provided plastic tool. -This prevents stress fractures from sharp angle bending. = R2 (BrGrO) = R1 (YOR) = R3 (GrBlR)

67. RockOn! 2009 67 Step 6: R1 R2 R3 (before) D1

68. RockOn! 2009 68 Step 6: R1 R2 R3 (after close up)

69. RockOn! 2009 69 Oscillator Circuit – Coordinates (A1): Acts as an inverting buffer for oscillator output Current limiting resistor -This circuitry creates an oscillatory square wave to switch the primary windings of the mini step-up transformer on and off. -The speed of this oscillation is determined from the RC circuit design. Highlight your schematic

70. RockOn! 2009 70 Oscillator Circuit – Coordinates (B1): Rectifying Diode Pull Down Resistor -Here the capacitor C1 acts like a switch. Because of the setup of the inverting buffer pins, the circuit will form a rectified oscillating square wave at U1D. -This circuit oscillates at a frequency according to the time constant from the RC circuit. (~50 KHz) Timing Capacitor Timing Resistor Inverting Buffer Allows Oscillating High Freq Voltage to pass Highlight your schematic

71. RockOn! 2009 71 Special Resistors – Coordinates (B2 and B4): Current limiting resistor -This includes the odd footprint soldering at the beginning of the board construction. Current limiting resistor Highlight your schematic

72. RockOn! 2009 72 Current Sub System: Geiger Counter Sub Systems: Oscillator High Voltage (Unregulated) DC Voltage Regulation High Voltage Regulation Output Pulse

73. RockOn! 2009 73 High Voltage (Unregulated) – Coordinates (A2): Power MOSFET -This circuitry uses the oscillator circuit output through a mini step- up transformer to create the high voltage (HV) needed for the operation of the Geiger counter. -The power MOSFET (Q1) stabilizes the voltage switching on the primary windings of T1 better than the output of the oscillator circuit can provide. -D2 and D3 rectify the HVAC output to HV DC with some voltage ripple.

74. RockOn! 2009 74 HV AC OUTPUT -Rectified HV is received after the HV AC passes through the two rectifying diodes. -The circuit is now nearing the desired HV DC supply for the Geiger Tube! But why is there still voltage ripple present?! Voltage Ripple NOT DC YET!!! High Voltage (Unregulated) – Coordinates (A2, A3):

75. RockOn! 2009 75 -The circuit is now nearing the desired HV DC supply for the Geiger Tube! -Using a HV capacitor on each output line for the proper voltage, the voltage ripple is smoothed. -Each discharges with a falling peak and recharges with a rising peak. Voltage Ripple Capacitors Rectifying Diode High Voltage (Unregulated) – Coordinates (A2, A3):

76. RockOn! 2009 76 -The circuit is now at the desired HV DC supply for the Geiger Tube! -This technique is used frequently in power electronics, and most electronics can handle a small variation in voltage! High Voltage (Unregulated) – Coordinates (A2, A3):

77. RockOn! 2009 77 Step 7: T1 CAUTION!!! -Locate T1 (a four pronged transformer) among your parts. -This component is extremely fragile, composed of very small gauge wire twined around a few nodes. The wires are surrounded by brittle plastic connected to four pins. -If excess force is applied to these metal pins the plastic will break and sever the small wiring within the transformer.

78. RockOn! 2009 78 Step 7: T1 CAUTION!!! -Use CAUTION! The transformer will fit into the PCB in one orientation only. -**The transformer may not fit perfectly. Try a dry fit at first to note which leads may need bending. -If a lead does need bending use care to slowly and gently bend the leads with the plastic tool or a pair of needle nose pliers. D1

79. RockOn! 2009 79 Step 7: T1 CAUTION!!! -If you do force the transformer to be flush with the PCB it WILL break and render the kit useless. -Mount and solder T1 to the PCB. -Match the dot on the transformer to the dot on the PCB. T1 Example of flushness to board of T1

80. RockOn! 2009 80 Step 7: T1 (before)

81. RockOn! 2009 81 Step 7: T1

82. RockOn! 2009 82 Step 8: D2 D3 -Find D2 and D3 in the parts. -Orient the diodes to match the grey line with the line indicated on the PCB. -These diodes are polarized, mount and solder these diodes in their appropriate places on the PCB. D2=D3

83. RockOn! 2009 83 Step 9: C4 and C5 -C4=C5 are not polarized ceramic capacitors so their orientation does not matter. C4=C5

84. RockOn! 2009 84 Step 9: C4 and C5 (after close up)

85. RockOn! 2009 85 Step 10: Q1 -Find Q1 (IRF830) in the provided parts. -This transistor must be bent over to lay flat on the board. -Mount the transistor such that it can be bent and lay flat on the PCB. -Now solder the transistor in place.

86. RockOn! 2009 86 Step 10: Q1 (bending) -Pre-bend Q1 in the depicted manner using the plastic tool.

87. RockOn! 2009 87 Step 10: Q1 (after close up)

88. RockOn! 2009 88 High Voltage (Unregulated) – Coordinates (A2): Power MOSFET -This circuitry uses the oscillator circuit output through a mini step- up transformer to create the high voltage (HV) needed for the operation of the Geiger counter. -The power MOSFET (Q1) stabilizes the voltage switching on the primary windings of T1 better than the output of the oscillator circuit can provide. -D2 and D3 rectify the HVAC output to HV DC with some voltage ripple. Highlight your schematic

89. RockOn! 2009 89 HV AC OUTPUT -Rectified HV is received after the HV AC passes through the two rectifying diodes. -The circuit is now nearing the desired HV DC supply for the Geiger Tube! But why is there still voltage ripple present?! Voltage Ripple NOT DC YET!!! High Voltage (Unregulated) – Coordinates (A2, A3): Highlight your schematic

90. RockOn! 2009 90 -The circuit is now nearing the desired HV DC supply for the Geiger Tube! -Using a HV capacitor on each output line for the proper voltage, the voltage ripple is smoothed. -Each discharges with a falling peak and recharges with a rising peak. Voltage Ripple Capacitors Rectifying Diode High Voltage (Unregulated) – Coordinates (A2, A3): Highlight your schematic

91. RockOn! 2009 91 -The circuit is now at the desired HV DC supply for the Geiger Tube! -This technique is used frequently in power electronics, and most electronics can handle a small variation in voltage! High Voltage (Unregulated) – Coordinates (A2, A3):

92. RockOn! 2009 92 Current Sub System: Geiger Counter Sub Systems: Oscillator High Voltage (Unregulated) DC Voltage Regulation High Voltage Regulation Output Pulse

93. RockOn! 2009 93 DC Voltage Regulation (5V) – Coordinates (C1) -Using Q3 as a 5V voltage regulator VCC is maintained. C3 and C10 serve as circuit protection in addition to the voltage rectifying provided by D9. Power Filter Capacitor Rectifying Diode Power Filter Capacitor 5V VREG 5V VCC OUTPUT -The output VCC powers the ICS and other components on the board

94. RockOn! 2009 94 Step 11: C3 and C10 -Find C3 and C10 in the provided parts. -C3 and C10 are polarized capacitors. C3 C10

95. RockOn! 2009 95 Step 11: C3 and C10 (polarized capacitors) White stripe marks negative lead! Also the negative lead is shorter!

96. RockOn! 2009 96 Step 11: C3 and C10 (close up before) Note the proper orientation of the polarized capacitor by the + printed on the silkscreen.

97. RockOn! 2009 97 Step 11: C3 and C10 (close up after)

98. RockOn! 2009 98 Step 12: Q3 -Find Q3 (7805 Voltage Regulator) in the provided parts. -This transistor must be bent over to lay flat on the board. -Leave enough space to allow a digital out wire to pass underneath this part in a later step! -Mount the transistor such that it can be bent and lay flat on the PCB. -Now solder the transistor in place. Q3

99. RockOn! 2009 99 Step 12: Q3 (before)

100. RockOn! 2009 100 Step 12: Q3 (bending) -Pre-bend Q3 in the depicted manner using the plastic tool.

101. RockOn! 2009 101 Step 12: Q3 (after)

102. RockOn! 2009 102 Step 12: Q3 (after close up)

103. RockOn! 2009 103 Step 13: D9 and Power Bridge -Bridge the left and middle holes of the power section on the PCB as shown using the lead clipping you saved. -Solder the bridge in place. This removes the need for a bulky switch.

104. RockOn! 2009 104 Step 13: D9 and Power Bridge (before)

105. RockOn! 2009 105 Step 13: D9 and Power Bridge (before close up)

106. RockOn! 2009 106 Step 13: D9 and Power Bridge (after)

107. RockOn! 2009 107 Step 13: D9 and Power Bridge (after close up)

108. RockOn! 2009 108 DC Voltage Regulation (5V) – Coordinates (C1) -Using Q3 as a 5V voltage regulator VCC is maintained. C3 and C10 serve as circuit protection in addition to the voltage rectifying provided by D9. Power Filter Capacitor Rectifying Diode Power Filter Capacitor 5V VREG 5V VCC OUTPUT -The output VCC powers the ICs and other components on the board Highlight your schematic

109. RockOn! 2009 109 Step 14: Battery Wiring RockOn! 2009

110. 110 Step 14: Battery Wiring Schematic Black Battery Wire Connects Battery Negative Terminal to Ground Red Battery Wire Connects +9V to the Power Bridge

111. RockOn! 2009 111 Step 15: 16 pin 4049 chip Full Schematic

112. RockOn! 2009 112 Step 14: Battery Wiring -Find the Geiger counter wiring in the provided parts (red, black and blue). -Solder the red wire to the V+ location on the PCB. -Solder the black wire to the dot GND location on the PCB. -Leave the blue wire free for later installation. Black Red

113. RockOn! 2009 113 Step 14: Battery Wiring (before)

114. RockOn! 2009 114 Step 14: Battery Wiring (after)

115. RockOn! 2009 115 Step 14: Battery Wiring (after)

116. RockOn! 2009 116 Step 15: 16 pin 4049 chip -Find the 16 pin 4049 chip (U1) in the provided parts. -Orient the dot toward the notch as shown in the following pictures. -Match notch to notch on the chip and socket. -Either method will work. -You may have to bend the leads in slightly. Do so carefully. U1

117. RockOn! 2009 117 Step 15: 16 pin 4049 chip

118. RockOn! 2009 118 Step 15: 16 pin 4049 chip Pin Assignment

119. RockOn! 2009 119 Step 14: Battery Wiring Schematic Black Battery Wire Connects Battery Negative Terminal to Ground Red Battery Wire Connects +9V to the Power Bridge Highlight your schematic

120. RockOn! 2009 120 Step 15: 16 pin 4049 chip Full Schematic Highlight your schematic

121. RockOn! 2009 121 Step 16: HV Test 1 st Powered Check -Find one 9V test battery and connect it to one of the two 9V connectors provided.

122. RockOn! 2009 122 Inspection and High Voltage (HV) Test RockOn! 2009

123. 123 Step 16: HV Test 1 st Powered Check -Connect power to the circuit using the header and two pin adapter provided. -Be sure to match the wires of the three pin Geiger header to the correct power and ground wires on the battery wires as shown. -*note red matches red and black matches black.

124. RockOn! 2009 124 Step 16: HV Test 1 st Powered Check -Locate the provided voltmeter and set to 1,000 V DC (depicted next slide). -Touch the red (positive) lead to the junction of C4 and D2. -Touch the black (negative) lead to the negative terminal of the 9V battery.

125. RockOn! 2009 125 Step 16: HV Test 1 st Powered Check -The voltmeter should read between 550-850 Volts depending on component tolerances. -If it does, remove power and prepare for the next step in a few moments. -If not; check the orientation of the diodes on the board, continuity of soldering joints, and raise your hand.

126. RockOn! 2009 126 Current Sub System: Geiger Counter Sub Systems: Oscillator High Voltage (Unregulated) DC Voltage Regulation High Voltage Regulation Output Pulse

127. RockOn! 2009 127 High Voltage Regulation – Coordinates (A3): -The circuit is regulated to the needed 500V DC for the Geiger tube by 3 Zener Diodes. Regulating Zener Diodes Voltage Smoothing Capacitors Rectifying Diode -Zener Diodes provide cheap voltage regulation. -Conduct, if and only if the voltage across them is > than their rated voltage. -Dissipate enough power to keep voltage at the appropriate value.

128. RockOn! 2009 128 Step 17: D4 D5 D6 -Locate D4, D5, and D6 in the provided parts. -Match the black line to the line on the PCB as shown. -Mount and solder these diodes in their required locations on the PCB. -**When bending make note of the wider spacing of the holes for mounting these diodes.** D4 D5=D6

129. RockOn! 2009 129 Step 17: D4 D5 D6 (before)

130. RockOn! 2009 130 Step 17: D4 D5 D6 (after close-up)

131. RockOn! 2009 131 High Voltage Regulation – Coordinates (A3): -The circuit is regulated to the needed 500V DC for the Geiger tube by 3 Zener Diodes. Regulating Zener Diodes Voltage Smoothing Capacitors Rectifying Diode -Zener Diodes are a cheap voltage regulation. -Conduct to a certain voltage. -Dissipate extra voltage as current. Highlight your schematic

132. RockOn! 2009 132 High Voltage (HV) Regulation Test RockOn! 2009

133. 133 Step 18: HV Test 2 nd Powered Check -Locate the provided voltmeter and set to the 1,000 V DC setting. -Find a 9V battery and apply power to the circuit. -Touch the red (positive) lead to the junction of C4 and D2. -Touch the black (negative) lead to the negative terminal of the 9V battery.

134. RockOn! 2009 134 Step 18: HV Test 2 nd Powered Check -The voltmeter should read ~500 Volts with little deviation depending on component tolerances and battery charge. -If it does, remove power and prepare for the next step in a few moments. -If not check the orientation of D4-D6 and raise your hand.

135. RockOn! 2009 135 Current Sub System: Geiger Counter Sub Systems: Oscillator High Voltage (Unregulated) DC Voltage Regulation High Voltage Regulation Output Pulse

136. RockOn! 2009 136 Output Pulse Circuit – Coordinates (B2-C4): Regulating Zener Diode 5.1V 555 Timer Mono Inverting Buffer Pin Current Sourcing Buffer Indicator LED VCC 5V Supply Timer Setup Capacitors Cur. Limit R Current Limiting Resistors General Purpose Amplifier NPN Transistor Rectifier Diode VCC Supply Current limiting resistor Current Limiting Resistor

137. RockOn! 2009 137 Output Pulse Circuit – Coordinates (A3 & A4): Current limiting resistor Geiger Tube Current spike filter

138. RockOn! 2009 138 Output Pulse Circuit -Output is sent through many different indicators for each radioactive particle detected. -Audio is sent through a multi stage inverter to give extra current push through the speaker amplifier transistor Q4. This will turn Q4 on and result in an audible click. -The original pulse is fed into a 555 timer configured in monostable mode. -This mode allows for a lengthening of a short pulse width to a wider, more detectible pulse for the speaker setup and digital output.

139. RockOn! 2009 139 Step 19: 555 Timer Socket -Locate the 8-pin socket in the parts -Note the Notch on the socket must match the notch printed on the PCB silkscreen. -Solder opposite diagonal corners of the socket first to allow ease of soldering the remainder of the pins.

140. RockOn! 2009 140 Step 19: 555 Timer Socket (after)

141. RockOn! 2009 141 Step 19: 555 Timer Socket (after close up)

142. RockOn! 2009 142 Step 20: R4 and R5 -Locate R4 and R5 among the provided parts. -R4 = 470KΩ (YVBr) -R5 = 10MΩ (BrBkBl) -Mount and solder these capacitors to the appropriate location on the PCB.

143. RockOn! 2009 143 Step 20: R4 and R5 (before)

144. RockOn! 2009 144 Step 20: R4 and R5 (after close up)

145. RockOn! 2009 145 Step 21: C12 -Locate C12 in the provided parts. -C12 is an orange ceramic capacitor -Mount and solder these resistors to the appropriate location on the PCB. C12

146. RockOn! 2009 146 Step 21: C12 (before)

147. RockOn! 2009 147 Step 21: C12 (after close-up)

148. RockOn! 2009 148 Step 22: R8 -Locate R8 470Ω (YVBr) -Mount and solder this resistor to the appropriate location on the PCB.

149. RockOn! 2009 149 Step 22: R8 (before)

150. RockOn! 2009 150 Step 22: R8 (after close-up)

151. RockOn! 2009 151 Step 23: C7 and C8 -Locate the remaining green ceramic capacitors. -C7 = Green Ceramic or Orange Ceramic 0.047 μF @100V -C8 = Green Ceramic 0.01 μF @ 100V -Mount and solder these components to the appropriate location on the PCB. C7C8

152. RockOn! 2009 152 Step 23: C7 and C8 (before)

153. RockOn! 2009 153 Step 23: C7 and C8 (after close up)

154. RockOn! 2009 154 Step 24: 5.1V Zener Diode -Locate the D10 1N75 diode. -This diode serves as a pulse limiter for the Geiger counter. -Mount and solder this component to the appropriate location on the PCB.

155. RockOn! 2009 155 Step 24: 5.1V Zener Diode (before)

156. RockOn! 2009 156 Step 24: 5.1V Zener Diode (after close up)

157. RockOn! 2009 157 Step 25: D11 1N914 Zener Diode -Locate the D11 1N914 diode. -Mount and solder this component to the appropriate location on the PCB.

158. RockOn! 2009 158 Step 25: D11 1N914 Zener Diode (before)

159. RockOn! 2009 159 Step 25: D11 1N914 Zener Diode (after close up)

160. RockOn! 2009 160 Step 26: R9 -Locate R9 among the provided parts. -R9 330Ω (OOBr) -Mount and solder this resistor to the appropriate location on the PCB. +

161. RockOn! 2009 161 Step 26: R9 (before) +

162. RockOn! 2009 162 Step 26: R9 (after) +

163. RockOn! 2009 163 Step 27: Q4: 2N3904 -Locate Q4 among the provided parts. -Q4 is an NPN transistor with one side rounded while the other is square. -This transistor serves as a general purpose amplifier to drive the speaker. -Mount and solder this resistor to the appropriate location on the PCB. +

164. RockOn! 2009 164 Step 27: Q4 (before)

165. RockOn! 2009 165 Step 27: Q4 (before close up)

166. RockOn! 2009 166 Step 27: Q4 (after)

167. RockOn! 2009 167 Step 27: Q4 (after close up)

168. RockOn! 2009 168 Step 28: D7-Red Led -Locate D7 among the provided parts. -Mount and solder this diode to the appropriate locations on the PCB. -Note the polarity of the diode: The longer lead is positive, the flat side is negative, the flag points to positive. -All of these visual cues can be used.

169. RockOn! 2009 169 Step 28: D7-Red Led (before)

170. RockOn! 2009 170 Step 28: D7-Red Led (before close up)

171. RockOn! 2009 171 Step 28: D7-Red Led (after close up)

172. RockOn! 2009 172 Step 29: Speaker -Find the speaker in the provided parts. -It is polarized note the polarity on the part and the PCB. -Mount and solder the speaker in the appropriate location on the PCB. -Now remove the seal over the speaker. Speaker

173. RockOn! 2009 173 Step 29: Speaker (before)

174. RockOn! 2009 174 Step 29: Speaker (before close up)

175. RockOn! 2009 175 Step 29: Speaker (after close up)

176. RockOn! 2009 176 Step 30: Audio Bridge -Find two scraps of leads to bridge two locations in the same manner used in the power bridge. -Bridge and solder into place a wire across the two leftmost holes in the Audio section. -Bridge and solder into place a wire across the top two holes in the Headphone section. Audio Bridge Headphone Bridge

177. RockOn! 2009 177 Step 30: Audio Bridge (before)

178. RockOn! 2009 178 Step 30: Audio Bridge (after close up)

179. RockOn! 2009 179 Step 30: Headphone Bridge (after close up)

180. RockOn! 2009 180 Step 31: 555 Timer -Locate U2 (555 Timer) among the provided parts. -Mount this 8 pin chip to the appropriate 8 pin socket on the PCB. -Note the dot on the chip and mount as shown in the following pictures. 555 timer (U2)

181. RockOn! 2009 181 Step 31: 555 Timer (before close-up)

182. RockOn! 2009 182 Step 31: 555 Timer (after close-up)

183. RockOn! 2009 183 Step 31: 555 Timer (after close-up)

184. RockOn! 2009 184 Output Pulse Circuit – Coordinates (B2-C4): Regulating Zener Diode 5.1V 555 Timer Mono Inverting Buffer Pin Current Sourcing Buffer Indicator LED VCC 5V Supply Timer Setup Capacitors Cur. Limit R Current Limiting Resistors General Purpose Amplifier NPN Transistor Rectifier Diode VCC Supply Current limiting resistor Current Limiting Resistor Highlight your schematic

185. RockOn! 2009 185 Output Pulse Circuit – Coordinates (A3 & A4): Current limiting resistor Geiger Tube Current spike filter Highlight your schematic

186. RockOn! 2009 186 Geiger Tube Installation RockOn! 2009

187. 187 Step 32: Geiger Mueller (GM) Tube -Find the GM Tube in the provided parts. -It is polarized. Note the polarity on the part and the PCB. -On the tube the thin wire is GM negative and the large wire is GM positive. + -

188. RockOn! 2009 188 Step 32: What’s that on the end of the tube?! -The tube is filled with an inert gas to promote ionization in the presence of radiation. -The tube also has a very fragile thin mica window to allow alpha particles to pass through. -This window will blow out in low pressure environments. -The epoxy prevents blowout, but also eliminates some alpha particles from detection. -Don’t worry, this won’t impact the merit of the kit as the skin of the rocket will block most alpha radiation.

189. RockOn! 2009 189 Step 32: GM Tube (Precautions) -Do not overheat the GM tube. -When soldering, it can overheat easily. -Avoid the glass fill knob at the rear of the tube. Shatter this, and your tube won’t work.

190. RockOn! 2009 190 Step 33: GM Tube-Positive Wire -Find and strip ¼ inch from each end of Red wire. -Solder one of the striped edges to the positive end of the GM tube as shown. -Be CAREFUL! Don’t let the iron linger longer than 5 seconds before giving the tube 10-15 seconds to cool. -On the tube the thin wire is GM negative and the large wire is GM positive.

191. RockOn! 2009 191 Step 33: GM Tube-PCB Wiring -Orient the tube on the bottom of the board. -Solder the free end of the red wire into GM+ coming from the bottom of the board up through the hole. -Solder the thin wire through the GM – hole in the same manner. -Be CAREFUL! The thin wire is frail and will snap if bent too much.

192. RockOn! 2009 192 Step 33: GM Tube-PCB Wiring

193. RockOn! 2009 193 Step 33: GM Tube-PCB Wiring (before)

194. RockOn! 2009 194 Step 33: GM Tube-PCB Wiring (before close up)

195. RockOn! 2009 195 Step 33: GM Tube-PCB Wiring (close-up)

196. RockOn! 2009 196 Step 34: GM Tube-PCB Lacing -Find the thin yellow wiring in the provided parts. -We will use this wire like shoelaces for the mounting array on the GM PCB. -Run the yellow wire through the first two holes for each end as shown. -The loose ends of the yellow wire should extend upward through the board.

197. RockOn! 2009 197 Step 34: GM Tube-PCB Lacing

198. RockOn! 2009 198 Step 34: GM Tube-PCB Lacing -Begin a cross hatch method above and below the board as if you are lacing a tennis shoe. -When you get to the end, loop back following a similar pattern until about 6 inches of yellow wire remains. -We will tie off the wire in the middle of the mounting array, so keep this in mind.

199. RockOn! 2009 199 Step 34: GM Tube-PCB Lacing

200. RockOn! 2009 200 Step 34: GM Tube-PCB Lacing

201. RockOn! 2009 201 Step 34: GM Tube-PCB Lacing

202. RockOn! 2009 202 Step 34: GM Tube-PCB Lacing -Tie a double square knot when the lacing of the GM tube is complete.

203. RockOn! 2009 203 Step 35: Data wire -Strip the remaining end of the blue data wire and solder it in place it to the topmost pin of digital out.

204. RockOn! 2009 204 Step 35: Data wire

205. RockOn! 2009 205 Final Product RockOn! 2009

206. 206 Final Product

207. RockOn! 2009 207 Smoke Detector Modification RockOn! 2009

208. 208 Overview: -The Geiger counter that you assembled can detect all three types of radiation: alpha, beta, and gamma. -To test the Geiger counter, we will obtain a radioactive source from the common household smoke detector. -The common household smoke detector uses a very small amount of Americium 241 to detect smoke particles in the air.

209. RockOn! 2009 209 Safety: -According to the World Nuclear Association [1], Americium 241 is an alpha emitter that also emits some low energy gamma rays. -“Even swallowing the radioactive material from a smoke detector would not lead to significant internal absorption of Am-241, since the dioxide is insoluble.” [1] -Caution: Although the sample is rather benign, do take caution to keep it away from your face at all times. -Caution: Also make sure that you wash your hands before eating if you handle the sample.

210. RockOn! 2009 210 Let’s Begin! RockOn! 2009

211. 211 Step 1: Opening the detector housing Opening the detector housing and remove the lid. Use the side cutters as a fulcrum.

212. RockOn! 2009 212 Step 2: Visually inspect the detector PCB Radiation Source

213. RockOn! 2009 213 Step 3: Separate the PCB from the detector housing Clip wiresBend inward and remove PCB from housing. Close up

214. RockOn! 2009 214 Step 3: Separate the PCB from the Detector Housing

215. RockOn! 2009 215 Step 4: Cut PCB Cut the PCB removing the radiation source portion. Remove and discard

216. RockOn! 2009 216 Step 4: Cut PCB

217. RockOn! 2009 217 Step 5: Remove Radiation Source The PCB is glued to a middle prongs. Also release the source from these plastic holders. Cut the PCB as necessary! Be an animal!!!

218. RockOn! 2009 218 Step 5: Remove Radiation Source

219. RockOn! 2009 219 Step 6: Clipping attachments Clip the attachments on the radiation source with the pliers until the source is free. Use brute force to extract the source, and don’t worry about damaging the remainder of the detector as it is not needed.

220. RockOn! 2009 220 Step 6: Clipping attachments

221. RockOn! 2009 221 Step 6: Clipping attachments Remove the remnants of the PCB from the radiation source.

222. RockOn! 2009 222 Step 7: The source is ready

223. RockOn! 2009 223 Final Product: Testing RockOn! 2009

224. 224 Final Product Testing -Attach power to the circuit again. -The Geiger counter should randomly blink detecting usually 12-14 counts per minute depending on sources in the area and shielding. -Acquire the provided alpha particle source (taken from a smoke detector). -Notice a large jump in the frequency of counts. -Each count represents the detection of a radioactive particle by the Geiger counter.

225. RockOn! 2009 225 Final Product Testing

226. RockOn! 2009 226 Coronal Discharge RockOn! 2009

227. 227 Coronal Discharge: An Overview -Coronal discharge occurs in low pressure environments with high voltages present. -The air around a high potential (high voltage) will become a conductor and emit a bluish glow (plasma). -This plasma will cause adverse effects for the component as well as neighboring parts. -The plasma is a bluish-purple and is visible under normal lighting. (see images)

228. RockOn! 2009 228 Coronal Discharge: An Example RockOn! Geiger counter seen through a vacuum chamber. Area of interest near back of D4-D6

229. RockOn! 2009 229 Coronal Discharge: An Example Geiger counter seen through a vacuum chamber Glow of coronal discharge Close-up

230. RockOn! 2009 230 Coronal Discharge: The solution - Coronal discharge is detrimental to parts. -Dangerous to other payloads on the rocket. -To mitigate these risks, we will add conformal coating to the board to prevent coronal discharge. -**Note: We will be in a pressurized environment on this flight so this is not necessary, but is a good practice especially with space applications.

231. RockOn! 2009 231 Conformal Coating RockOn! 2009

232. 232 Step 1: Board Prep - Take the board to a well ventilated area (we will be outside). -Put on safety glasses and rubber gloves. -Place the board face up on the prepared protected surface. - Shake the bottle lightly and open it. -MAKE SURE there is no power on the board.

233. RockOn! 2009 233 Step 1: Board Prep HV Section

234. RockOn! 2009 234 Step 2: Begin Coating - Dip the brush in and begin application coating the entire top side of the board with an even layer. -Re-dipping the brush every 2-3 strokes is recommended. -The board should look glossy under lighting where coating has been applied. -If any safety concerns occur consult the MSDS provided.

235. RockOn! 2009 235 Step 3: Detail Coating (chips in sockets) - Coat the chips as well as long as they are secured in their sockets.

236. RockOn! 2009 236 Step 3: Detail Coating (underneath components) Apply underneath closely oriented parts like diodes, capacitors, and resistors in this manner.

237. RockOn! 2009 237 Step 4: Detail Coating (between components) Apply between closely oriented parts Use smooth strokes (about 3 per dip)

238. RockOn! 2009 238 Step 5: Backside Coating - Flip the board over using minimal contact with the currently curing coating. -Coat the entire backside as desired using the same 3 stroke per dip rule.

239. RockOn! 2009 239 Step 5: Backside Coating Apply across the whole board, make sure the whole PCB is coated thoroughly. Note glossy look of coated board.

240. RockOn! 2009 240 Step 6: Touch-ups - Visually inspect the board to ensure it is coated thoroughly. -Make any touch-ups as necessary, ensuring there are no bubbles underneath parts. -You may add additional coating to the HV section if you desire, but one coat is enough to do the job. HV Section

241. RockOn! 2009 241 Step 7: Drying and Clamping - Flip the board over and attach to helping hands where shown. -This area is not HV and won’t affect the cure if clamped here

242. RockOn! 2009 242 Step 7: Drying and Clamping - Allow the board to cure in a controlled environment for 24 hrs to achieve a full cure. -Tack free cure is about 10 min. The coating wont stick to your hand as readily after this stage. -Handling cure is about 4-6 hrs depending on the humidity. -Cure time can be decreased by using a convection heater at low heat (100 °F) and low humidity.