1. Northern Europe

2. Countries of Northern Europe United Kingdom Ireland Nordic Countries- Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Norway

3. Peninsulas Scandinavian Peninsula- includes Norway and Sweden

4. History 400’s - Germanic tribes invaded Britain, driving out the Romans and Celts 795 - Vikings conquered parts of Britain, Iceland and Greenland 1066 - William the Conqueror of Normandy conquered England

5. British Isles 1801 - England won control of Wales, Ireland and Scotland. The nation was known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland The British Isles today consists of Great Britain (England), Ireland and many smaller surrounding islands

6. Modern Age Britain's government is a monarchy that also has a parliament. Through the years the parliament has gained more power. 1215 - nobles forced the king to sign the Magna Carta. This inspired trial by jury and no taxation without representation

7. Industrial Revolution Iron ore and coal helped Britain become the 1 st nation to industrialize Coal was used for fuel and iron to make machinery Britain imported raw materials from its colonies in North America In the 1800’s the industrial revolution spread to other countries like Belgium, France and the United States Because of the Industrial Revolution, European cities grew in size The steam engine The spinning jenny

8. Peat Peat is a crop that is harvested in Ireland for fuel

9. Economics Sweden has a strong motor vehicle and aerospace industry. They also produce paper products and pharmaceuticals. Sweden exports timber, Iceland relies on fishing and Norway relies on the North Sea oil. Technology is swiftly changing the economy of this region. Silicon Glen is a section of Scotland between Glasgow and Edinburgh. It is called this because of all of the high tech companies.

10. European Union and the Euro Most nations of this region joined the European Union Norway did not join the EU Denmark did not adopt the Euro as their form of currency like the other EU countries did.

11. Language and Religion Most people of this region speak a Germanic language including English, Swedish, Norwegian and Danish Because of the Reformation in the 1500’s most of this region is Protestant Ireland is the only country that has kept Catholicism its main faith

12. Modern Art Many famous writers are from the north region of Europe Some of these are William Shakespeare, William Wordsworth, and James Joyce

13. Life in Northern Europe Most people live in cities and have a high standard of living The government of Northern Europe takes good care of its people. Some of the countries provide national health insurance and allowances for raising kids

14. Customs British= afternoon tea Sweden=Smorgasbord Finland= saunas

15. Eastern Europe

16. History Cultural crossroads – many cultures have had an influence here  Eastern Europe lies in-between western Europe and Asia  Groups who have ruled or lived in Eastern Europe oRomans oByzantines oOttoman Turks oSlavs oMagyars (non-Slavic)

17. Culture Number of languages makes unification difficult Religions: Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Protestant and Muslim  Small number are Jewish The West Slavic languages include Czech, Polish, Slovak, and Sorbian.CzechPolishSlovakSorbian Current East Slavic languages are Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian, and RusynBelarusianRussianUkrainianRusyn South Slavic languages include Croatian, Serbo-Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Slovene, Bulgarian and Macedonian

18. Modern Conflicts Wars occurred in 1908, 1912 and 1913 Balkanization – Eastern European nations broke into individual and hostile countries

19. Modern Conflicts WWI  Slavs in Serbia wanted to free those in Austria-Hungary  Austria and Hungary split apart  Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Yugoslavia gained independence.  Ottoman Empire ended and became Turkey WWII  The Soviet Union advanced toward Germany through Eastern Europe toward the end of the war  Satellite nations established in E. Europe by the Soviets Mikhail Gorbachev (Soviet Union) gave Eastern Europe more freedom. 1989 – Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Romania ended Communist control 1990 – Bulgaria and Yugoslavia ended Communist rule Instability followed as different ethnicities wanted their own nations.  1990s – Serbs, Croats and some Bosnians fought in the former Yugoslavia  By 2006, the name Yugoslavia was officially no longer recognized

21. Economy Traditionally been a farming region due to fertile plains Soviet Union encouraged industrialization  Traded with USSR and other E. European nations  No motive to cut costs, satisfy workers, improve technology or decrease pollution Since the fall of the USSR, most moved to a market economy. Country or AreaYearItemValue Eastern Europe2007Gross Domestic Product (GDP)8,422 Eastern Europe2006Gross Domestic Product (GDP)6,543 Eastern Europe2005Gross Domestic Product (GDP)5,361 Eastern Europe2004Gross Domestic Product (GDP)4,308 Eastern Europe2003Gross Domestic Product (GDP)3,348 Eastern Europe2002Gross Domestic Product (GDP)2,748 Eastern Europe2001Gross Domestic Product (GDP)2,435 Eastern Europe2000Gross Domestic Product (GDP)2,128 Eastern Europe1999Gross Domestic Product (GDP)1,918 Eastern Europe1998Gross Domestic Product (GDP)2,245 Eastern Europe1997Gross Domestic Product (GDP)2,592 Eastern Europe1996Gross Domestic Product (GDP)2,535 Eastern Europe1995Gross Domestic Product (GDP)2,487 Eastern Europe1994Gross Domestic Product (GDP)2,345 Eastern Europe1993Gross Domestic Product (GDP)2,465 Eastern Europe1992Gross Domestic Product (GDP)2,542 Eastern Europe1991Gross Domestic Product (GDP)2,766 Eastern Europe1990Gross Domestic Product (GDP)2,885

22. Economy Some problems still remain  Old equipment, lack of materials and skilled workers  Citizens have little money to invest in businesses  Government still owns some businesses which discourages foreign investors  Civil wars destroyed equipment and buildings and killed workers who did not flee

23. Modern Life Few people live in cities Fierce ethnic loyalties encourage conflict Discrimination Move toward democratic ideals Romanian gypsies dance behind a chopped roasted piglet - a traditional dish - during their annual gathering in Bistrita, 280 kilometres west of Bucharest. (Reuters: Radu Sigheti) Voting