1. SESSION: 2011-12 Black hole SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO: Dr.A.K.SRIVASTAVA UNDER SUPERVISION OF: SHRI SUSHEEL SINGH M.Sc FINAL Amaresh Singh

2. Some Definitions of BLACK HOLES  black hole is just another thing a star can turns in to when it runs out of fuel.or it is x star  Black holes are the cold remnants of former star,so dense that no matter not even light is able to escape their powerful gravitational pull.

3. KINDS OF BLACK HOLES  Stellar black holes.  Super massive black hole  An Intermediate mass black hole  Mini black hole  Worm holes

4. Stellar Mass – must be at least 3 solar masses (~10 34 g) Intermediate Mass – a few thousand to a few tens of thousands of solar masses; possibly the agglomeration of stellar mass holes Super massive – millions to billions of solar masses; located in the centers of galaxies

5. Some technical terms  Schwarz schild radius.  Singularity  Event horizon,  Escape velocity.

6. Schwarzschild Radius and Event Horizon

8. Escape Velocity  Imagine feebly tossing a rocketship up in the air. It falls back to Earth because its kinetic energy was less than its gravitational potential energy.  However, toss it with a larger and larger velocity and it will go higher and higher before falling back to Earth.  There is a velocity above which it will not return to Earth -- this is the escape velocity.

9. Escape Velocity  To determine the escape velocity from Earth you set the gravitational potential energy equal to kinetic energy and solve for velocity Radius from which you want to escape Mass of the object from which you want to escape

10. Note that the escape velocity doesn’t depend on the mass of the escaping body. For the Earth, put in the mass and radius of the Earth (for escape from the surface of the Earth) and you get: V esc = 11 km/sec = 25,000 miles/hr

11. Now suppose you shrink the Earth to 1/100 of its current radius (at constant mass). What happens to V esc ? As R goes up, V esc goes down As R goes down, V esc goes up Don’t forget the square root For this case, V esc increases by 10x

12. Reduce the radius of the Earth to 1cm and V esc =c (speed of light) In this new theory of Gravity, where photons are affected by gravity, if the escape velocity equals or exceeds the speed of light, that object can no longer be observed. This is a Black Hole

13. Properties & Structures Three parameters completely describe the structure of a black hole  Mass As measured by the black hole’s effect on orbiting bodies, such as another star  Total electric charge As measured by the strength of the electric force  Spin = angular momentum How fast the black hole is spinning

14. Formation of black hole $ growth of black hole

15. Detection of BLACK HOLE

16. What would be happens when we get close to a black hole?  Time would slow (as seen by outside observers.) Falling person notices nothing, even crossing event horizon.  Light from falling person (to outside observers) becomes more and more redshifted. The person falling slowly disappears from view (to outside observers.  Gravitational “tidal forces” would stretch matter out into longer and longer, thinner and thinner strands.  Eventually all things that characterize matter would be gone. atoms molecules, protons, neutrons, electrons…  Everything is compressed into an infinitely small point of infinite density (the singularity).  All that remains is mass (energy) and angular momentum…

18. An astronaut descending down towards the event horizon of the black hole will be stretched vertically (tidal effects) and squeezed laterally unless the black hole is very large like thousands of solar masses, so the multi- million solar mass black hole in the center of the galaxy is safe.

19. The only known places in the Universe where there could be enough mass in one area is in the center of massive galaxies Not believed to be anywhere else Where Could Super-Massive Black Holes Exist?

20. Which is the closest black hole to the earth?

21. Which is The biggest black hole?

22. WHAT HAPPENS IF A BLACK HOLE HIT THE EARTH

23. EVIDENCE OF BLACK HOLE

24. MYTHS & FACTS OF BLACK HOLES  Black holes are completely black.

25. Matter which falls into a black holes reappears somewhere else in universe.

26. Every star that dies becomes a black holes

27. Black holes are massive vacuum cleaner, eating.

28. A black hole in space would devour everything in our galaxy.

29. Black holes is very dense.

30. Acknowledgement I am grateful to all respected teachers & specially shri Susheel singh & Satyendra pandey sir for his pleasant cooperation in collection & collation of information & material required for the preparation of this innovative representation. Last but not least I would like to thanks my parents & my friends specially those who work together as in terns at KNIPSS for the wise ideas throughout the project.

31. thanks