1. Nutrition and Metabolism
Metabolism combines:
Anabolism – Biosynthesis with
Catabolism – Energy Generation
Linked by Coupled Reactions

2. Metabolic Types Energy Generation: Trapping Light Energy Phototrophs
Chemical Reactions
Chemotrophs
Carbon Source:
CO2 –Lithotrophs
Organic Carbon –
Organotroph
Chemoorganotrophs are also called Heterotrophs
Chemolithotrophs

3. Bacterial Nutrition Macronutrients: Carbon source Nitrogen source
Phosphate
Sulfur
Potassium
Magnesium
Calcium
Sodium
Iron
Some bacteria use Siderophores to procure iron
Micronutrients:
Trace elements
Growth Factors?

4. Culture Media Defined media – known Composition
Complex Media – Organic mixture
Agar to Solidify

5. Enzymes Organic Catalysts Proteins Reduced Activation Energy
Speed Reactions
108 – 1020 times

6. How Enzymes Act Form an Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Active site of the Enzyme holds
Substrate

7. Enzyme Structure Enzymes are Proteins with Active Sites
Additional Non protein Groups
Loosely Bound Cofactors - Coenzymes
Tightly Attached Cofactors- Prosthetic Groups

8. Oxidation – Reduction Redox Reactions Oxidation – Lose of Electrons
Reduction – Gaining Electrons
Electron Donors
Electron Acceptors
Reduction Potential

9. Electron Transfer Electron Tower Based on Reduction Potential
Electron Carrier
Primary Electron Donor (Food??)
Energy Source
Final Electron Acceptor (Waste??)

11. Redox Electron Carriers
NAD –Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
Freely diffusible carrier
Niacin
NADP
FMN – Flavin Mononucleotide
FAD
Riboflavin
Quinone –Ubiquinone
Vitamin K
4/22/2017

12. Energy Conservation “High” Energy Compounds (Energy Carriers??)
ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate
Coenzyme A
Phosphoenolpyruvate - PEP

13. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Energy Generation
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
Fermentation
Respiration
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electron Transport (Cascade)
Lactic Acid Fermentation

14. Catabolic Pathways Glycolysis Embden-Meyerhof Pathway 3 Stages
1. Rearrangement
2. Oxidation
3. Reduction

15. PEP

16. Fermentation Occurs in the absence of O2 Less ATP produced (2 vs 38?)
Many fermentation products
Substrate acts as electron donor and acceptor

17. Electron Cascade Coenzyme NADH NADH Dehydrogenase Flavoproteins
Quinones
Cytochromes
Catalase, Oxidase

18. Oxidative Phosphorylation
Proton Motive Force
Metabolic Poisons
Uncouplers
Dinitrophenol
Inhibitors
Carbon
monoxide
Cyanide

19. Carbon Flow Citric Acid Cycle Krebs Cycle TCA Cycle
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
Carbon Oxidation
CO2 Production
Reduced Coenzymes

21. Anaerobic Respiration
Final Electron Acceptor other than Oxygen
Nitrate
Sulfate
Carbonate
Iron

22. Chemolithotrophy Hydrogen Sulfide Hydrogen Gas Iron Ammonia
Phototrophy
Catabolism

24. Regulation of Enzymes Constitutive Enzymes not Regulated
Most Enzymes Can Have Their Activity Regulated
Feedback Inhibition

25. Allosteric Sites

26. Isozymes
Covalent Modification

28. Metabolism Word List Organotroph Lithotroph Chemolithotroph
Macronutrients
Carbon
Nitrogen
P, S, K, Mg, Ca, Na, &
Fe( siderophores)
Micronutrients
Trace Elements
Growth Factors?
Culture Media
Defined vs. Complex Media
Metabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism
Coupled Reactions
Nutrition
Phototroph
Chemotroph

29. Metabolism Word List 2 Enzymes Organic Catalysts Activation Energy
Enzyme-substrate Complex
Active Site
Prosthetic groups
Coenzymes
Oxidation-Reduction Redox Reactions
Electron Donors
Electron Acceptors
Reduction Potential
Electron Tower
Electron Carriers
Primary Electron Donor
Final Electron Acceptor

30. Metabolism Word List 3 High” Energy Compounds
Adenosine Triphosphate - ATP
Coenzyme A
Fermentation
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
Respiration
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electron Transport
Glycolysis
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
Stage I, II, III
Rearrangement
Oxidation
Reduction

31. Metabolism Word List 4 Aerobic Respiration Electron Cascade
NADH dehydrogenase
Flavoproteins
Quinones
Cytochromes
Catalase
Oxidase
Proton Motive Force
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Inhibitors
Uncouplers
Carbon Flow - Citric Acid Cycle
aka TCA, Tricarboxylic, Krebs
Carbon Oxidation
CO2 Production

32. Metabolism Word List 5 Reduced Coenzymes Biosynthesis ?
Anaerobic Respiration
nitrate, sulfate, carbonate
ferric iron
Chemolithotrophy
hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen gas, ferrous iron, ammonia
Phototrophy
Catabolism