1. Chapter 7 Human Geography of Canada: Developing a Vast Wilderness
Three major groups in Canada—the native peoples, the French, and the English—have melded into a diverse and economically strong nation.

2. Section 1: History and Government of Canada
French and British settlement greatly influenced Canada’s political development.
Canada’s size and climate affected economic growth and population distribution.

3. The First Settlers and Colonial Rivalry
Early Peoples
After Ice Age, migrants cross Arctic land bridge from Asia
ancestors of Arctic Inuit (Eskimos); North American Indians to south
Vikings found Vinland (Newfoundland) about A.D. 1000; later abandon

4. The First Settlers and Colonial Rivalry
Colonization by France and Britain
French explorers claim much of Canada in 1500–1600s as “New France”
British settlers colonize the Atlantic Coast
Coastal fisheries and inland fur trade important to both countries
Britain wins French and Indian War (1754–1763); French settlers stay

5. Steps Toward Unity Establishing the Dominion of Canada
In 1791 Britain creates two political units called provinces
Upper Canada (later, Ontario): English-speaking, Protestant
Lower Canada (Quebec): French-speaking, Roman Catholic
Rupert’s Land a northern area owned by fur-trading company
Immigrants arrive, cities develop: Quebec City, Montreal, Toronto
railways, canals are built as explorers seek better fur-trading areas

6. Establishing the Dominion of Canada
Political, ethnic disputes lead to Britain’s 1867 North America Act
creates Dominion of Canada as a loose confederation (political union)
Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick
self-governed part of British Empire
Expansion includes:
Rupert’s Land, Manitoba, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island
later: Yukon Territory, Alberta, Saskatchewan
Newfoundland in 1949

7. Continental Expansion and Development
From the Atlantic to the Pacific
In 1885 a transcontinental railroad goes from Montreal to Vancouver
European immigrants arrive and Yukon gold brings fortune hunters
copper, zinc, silver also found; grow towns, railroads

8. Urban and Industrial Growth
Farming gives way to urban industrialization, manufacturing
within 100 miles of U.S. border due to climate, land, transportation
Canada becomes major economic power in 20th century

9. Governing Canada The Parliamentary System
In 1931 Canada becomes independent, British monarch is symbolic head
Parliamentary government:
parliament—legislature combining legislative and executive functions
consists of an appointed Senate, elected House of Commons
prime minister, head of government, is majority party leader
All ten provinces have own legislature and premier (prime minister)
federal government administers the territories
Stephen Harper is the current Prime Minister of Canada.

10. Section 2: Economy and Culture of Canada
Canada is highly industrialized and urbanized, with one of the world’s most developed economies.
Canadians are a diverse people.
Winnipeg
Toronto
Vancouver

11. An Increasingly Diverse Economy
The Early Fur Trade
Beginning in 1500s Native Americans, now known as the First Nations:
begin trade with European fishermen along Atlantic coast
French and English trappers and traders expand westward
Voyageurs—French-Canadian boatmen transport pelts to trading posts

12. Canada’s Primary Industries
Farming, logging, mining, fishing: 10% of gross domestic product
Canada is the world’s leading exporter of forest products
Mining: uranium, zinc, gold, and silver are exported
Fishing: domestic consumption is low, so most of catch is exported

13. The Manufacturing Sector
15% of Canadians work in manufacturing, create 1/5 of GDP
make cars, steel, appliances, equipment (high-tech, mining)
centered in heartland, from Quebec City, Quebec, to Windsor, Ontario

14. Service Industries Drive the Economy
Most Canadians work in service industries, which create 60% of GDP
finance, utilities, trade, transportation, communication, insurance
land’s natural beauty makes tourism the fastest growing service
Heavy trade with U.S.: same language, open border (world’s longest)
1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with U.S., Mexico
85% of Canadian exports go to U.S.
75% of Canada’s imports come from U.S.

15. Bonjour! Hello! A Land of Many Cultures Languages and Religions
Mixing of French and native peoples created métis culture
Bilingual: English is most common, except in French-speaking Quebec
English Protestants and French Catholics dominate, but often clash
increasing numbers of Muslims, Jews, other groups
Bonjour!
Hello!

16. Canada’s Population
Densest in port cities (Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver) and farmlands
Environment keeps 80% of people on 10% of land (near U.S. border)
Urbanization: in % of people lived in cities, today it’s 80%
Various ethnic groups cluster in certain areas
75% of French Canadians live in Quebec
many native peoples live on reserves—public land set aside for them
most Inuits live in the remote Arctic north
many Canadians of Asian ancestry live on West Coast

17. https://travelcanada.wikispaces.com/Population+Map+of+Canada

18. Life in Canada Today Employment and Education
Relatively high standard of living, well-educated population
Labor force is 55% men, 45% women
75% in service industries, 15% in manufacturing
Oldest university, Laval, established in Quebec by French
English universities founded in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick in 1780s
Today, Canada has a 97% literacy rate

19. Sports and Recreation
Popular sports: skating, ice hockey, fishing, skiing, golf, hunting
Canada has own football league; other pro teams play in U.S. leagues
native peoples developed lacrosse, European settlers developed hockey
Annual festivals include Quebec Winter Carnival, Calgary Stampede

20. The Arts
Earliest literature from oral traditions of First Nations peoples
Later writings from settlers, missionaries, explorers
Early visual arts seen in Inuit carving, West Coast totem poles
Early 1900s painting: unique style of Toronto’s Group of Seven
Shakespeare honored at Ontario’s world-famous Stratford Festival

21. Section 3: Sub regions of Canada
Canada is divided into four sub regions: the Atlantic, Core, Prairie Provinces, and the Pacific Province and then the Territories.
Each sub region possesses unique natural resources, landforms, economic activities, and cultural life.

22. The Atlantic Provinces
Harsh Lands and Small Populations
Eastern Canada’s Atlantic Provinces:
Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland
Only 8% of Canada’s population, due to rugged terrain, harsh weather
Most people live in coastal cities such as:
Halifax, Nova Scotia
St. John, New Brunswick
85% of Nova Scotia is rocky hills, poor soil
90% of New Brunswick is forested
Newfoundland has severe storms

23. Economic Activities
New Brunswick’s largest industry: logging (lumber, wood pulp, paper)
Gulf of St. Lawrence, coastal waters supply seafood for export
Nova Scotia: logging, fishing, shipbuilding, trade through Halifax
Newfoundland: fishing, mining, logging, hydro-electric power
supplies power to Quebec, parts of northeastern U.S.

24. The Core Provinces—Quebec and Ontario
The Heartland of Canada
Quebec City: French explorer Samuel de Champlain built fort in 1608
60% Canada’s population live in Core Provinces Ontario and Quebec
Ontario has largest population; Quebec has largest land area

25. Canada’s Political and Economic Center
Ottawa, Ontario is the national capital
Quebec has great political importance in French-Canadian life
Core: 35% of Canada’s crops, 45% of minerals, 70% of manufacturing
Toronto the largest city, finance hub; Montreal second largest city
The Rideau Canal in Ottawa freezes during the winter, and is used for ice skating!

26. The Prairie Provinces Canada’s Breadbasket
Great Plains Prairie Provinces: Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta
50% of Canada’s agricultural production, 60% of mineral output
Alberta has coal, oil deposits; produces 90% of Canada’s natural gas

27. A Cultural Mix
Manitoba: Scots-Irish, Germans, Scandinavians, Ukrainians, Poles
Saskatchewan’s population includes Asian immigrants, Métis
Alberta’s diversity includes Indian, Japanese, Lebanese, Vietnamese

28. The Pacific Province and the Territories
British Columbia
British Columbia—westernmost province, mostly in Rocky Mountains
1/2 is forests; 1/3 is frozen tundra, snowfields, glaciers
Most people live in southwest; major cities are Victoria, Vancouver
Economy built on logging, mining, hydroelectric power
Vancouver is Canada’s largest port, has prosperous shipping trade

29. The Territories
The three northern territories account for 41% of Canada’s land
Sparsely populated due to rugged land and severe climate
Yukon has population of 30,000; mostly wilderness
Northwest Territories has population of 41,000; extends into Arctic
Nunavut was created from Northwest Territories in 1999; home to Inuit
Territories’ economies include mining, fishing, some logging

30. Bibliography
Mcdougal Littell, World Geography. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2012