1. First Aid and Emergencies
Chapter 28
First Aid and Emergencies

2. Lesson 1: Providing First Aid
First Aid - the immediate, temporary care given to an ill or injured person until professional medical care can be provided.

3. Universal Precautions
Actions taken to prevent the spread of disease by treating all blood and other body fluids as if they contained pathogens.
Pathogen-organism that causes disease.

4. Examples of universal precautions
Wearing Gloves
Washing Hands

5. CPR Face Shield
Protective Ventilation Device

6. Responding to an Emergency
Check,Call, Care

7. 1. Check the scene and the victim.
2. Call for help.
3. Provide care for the victim.

8. Types of open wounds:
Abrasion - also known as a scrape
- damages outer layers of skin
- little or no bleeding
- become infected easily
- caused by scraping or rubbing

10. Laceration - or cut
- have jagged or smooth edges
- will have bleeding as well as damage to nerves,blood vessels, and soft tissues
- may be caused by knife, broken glass, or blunt object

11. Laceration

12. Puncture - a piercing of the skin
- caused by pin, splinter, or pointed object
- limited external bleeding
- increased possibility of internal damage, bleeding, and infection

13. - usually occur in auto accidents and from animal bites
Avulsion - results when tissue is separated partly or completely from a person’s body
- usually occur in auto accidents and from animal bites
- severed part should be sent with person to hospital
- pack part in ice or ice water

14. Avulsion

15. First Aid for Bleeding
Cover wound with sterile gauze or clean cloth and press firmly.
If possible, elevate wound above the level of the heart.
Cover the gauze or cloth dressing with a sterile bandage.

16. If necessary, cover the dressing with a pressure bandage and/or use pressure point bleeding control.
Call for help or have someone else do so.
“911”

17. Pressure Point Bleeding Control

18. Blood Types Type May Receive A A, O B B, O
AB A, B, AB, O Universal Receiver
O O Universal Donor
Rh factor - a protein found in some blood

19. Severe Burns: First degree burns: - are superficial
- involve top layer of skin
- heal in 5 to 6 days
- example: most sunburns

21. Second degree burns:
- involves top several layers of skin
- will have blisters and appear blotchy
- 3 to 4 weeks to heal

24. Third degree burns:
- the most serious burns
- destroys skin, nerves, muscles, fat, and bones
- appears black or brown

26. First Aid for Severe Burns
Ease burn with plenty of cool water
Place a clean dry dressing over the burned area to prevent infection
Raise area above the level of the heart if possible
Treat for shock

27. Do not attempt to remove clothing that is stuck to the burn or to treat burns where the skin has been burned away.

28. Lesson 2: CPR and First Aid for Shock and Choking

29. Life-Threatening Emergencies
TIME IS CRITICAL!!!!
Chain of Survival-sequence of actions that maximize the victim’s chances of survival. If victim is adult, you begin the first two links in the chain.
Call 911
Begin CPR

30. Usually responsibility of emergency medical personnel
Early defibrillation
transfer to advanced care
Usually responsibility of emergency medical personnel
Defibrillator-device that delivers an electric shock to the heart to restore its normal rhythm.

31. CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)-a life-saving first aid procedure that combines rescue breaths with chest compressions, supply oxygen to the body until normal body functions can resume.

32. CPR for Adults
ABC’s
A-Airway-look inside victim’s mouth. Gently tilt the head back by lifting the chin with one hand while pushing down on the forehead with the other.
Figure 28.3 pg. 743

34. B-Breathing-Look, listen, and feel for breathing
B-Breathing-Look, listen, and feel for breathing. If victim is NOT breathing normally, begin rescue breathing.
1. Keeping the victim’s head in the proper position, pinch the nostrils shut.
2. Place your mouth over the victim’s mouth, forming a seal. Give 2 slow breaths, each about 2 seconds long. The victim’s chest should rise with each breath.

35. C-Circulation-Check for signs of circulation, such as breathing, coughing, or movement. If NO signs of circulation, a person trained in CPR should begin chest compressions.

36. Adult CPR Cycles

37. Life-threatening-requires immediate medical attention.
First Aid for Shock
Shock-failure of the cardiovascular system to keep an adequate supply of blood circulating to the vital organs of the body.
Life-threatening-requires immediate medical attention.

38. Types of Shock
*  Hemorrhagic (resulting from the loss of blood.
*  Metabolic (resulting from profound fluid loss in an untreated illness).
*  Cardiogenic (resulting from injury to the heart itself).
*  Neurogenic (resulting from the loss of effective nervous control of blood vessels).
*  Toxic or septic (resulting from the effect of toxic substances on the body).
*  Respiratory (resulting from impaired breathing).
*  Psychogenic (fainting). 
*  Anaphylactic (a form of toxic shock that follows an overwhelming allergic reaction).

39. Common symptoms of shock:
Rapid breathing and pulse
Altered consciousness
Nausea
Pale or ashen appearance
Cool, moist skin
Restlessness or irritability

40. First Aid for Shock Phone 911 Control any external bleeding
Elevate legs about 12 inches, unless you suspect head or back injury
Never give the victim anything to eat or drink
Reassure victim

43. -universal choking signal - both hands placed at the throat
Choking - occurs when a piece of food becomes lodged in the trachea or windpipe.
-universal choking signal - both hands placed at the throat

45. Heimlich maneuver or abdominal thrust
First Aid for Choking
(conscious victim)
Heimlich maneuver or abdominal thrust
- the application of sudden pressure on the victim’s diaphragm so as to expel the substance blocking the airway
1. Wrap arms around the victim’s waist. Place your hand halfway between the lower sternum and the naval with your thumb side of your hand against their abdomen.

47. 2. Grasp your fist with the other hand, and press into the abdomen with quick upward thrusts until the blockage is dislodged.
** if you are by yourself perform abdominal thrusts on yourself by leaning over the back of a chair or the edge of a table

49. 1. Place the infant on a downward angle over your arm. (face down)
Choking Infant
(conscious)
1. Place the infant on a downward angle over your arm. (face down)
2. Using the heel of your other hand, give five quick blows to the baby’s back between the shoulder blades.
3.Turn the infant over. Press two fingers into the middle of the baby’s sternum (chest thrust), repeat five times.
4. Alternate administering back blows and chest thrusts until the object is dislodged.

51. Lesson 3 -Responding to Common Emergencies
Fracture - to break a bone
First Aid: 1. Try to keep the injured part from moving by immobilizing it
2. Use a splint to secure the injured part to the body
3. Seek medical help

53. Sprains - a condition caused by a stretching or tearing of the soft tissue bands, or ligaments, that hold bones together at a joint
First Aid - R.I.C.E. procedure
1. R est
2. I ce
3. C ompression
4. E levation

54. Unconsciousness
Condition in which a person is not alert and aware of his or her surroundings.
Primary goal when providing first aid to an unconscious victim is to prevent choking until profession medical help arrives.

55. First Aid - 1. Lay person down and elevate their feet 8 to 12 inches
Fainting - temporary loss of consciousness brought on by a reduced supply of blood to the brain
First Aid - 1. Lay person down and elevate their feet 8 to 12 inches
2. Loosen tight clothing
3. Open airway
4. Sponge face with water
5. Seek help if necessary

56. If person vomits, quickly roll him or her into the recovery position.

57. Concussion
Jarring injury to the brain that affects normal brain function.
May be NO external signs of injury.
1. Have victim lie down.
2. Use first aid for bleeding.
3. If unconscious-place in recovery position. Call 911 immediately.

59. First Aid: 1. Wash area with soap and water
Animal Bites -
First Aid: 1. Wash area with soap and water
2. Cover it with a clean dressing
3. Get the person to a doctor at once
Rabies- a viral disease of the nervous system that eventually causes madness and death
CDC Rabies Website

61. 2. Wash area with soap and water 3. Watch for allergic reactions
Bee Stings - 1. use a flat sharp-edged object to scrape the stinger away from the skin until you pull out the venom sac
2. Wash area with soap and water
3. Watch for allergic reactions
Objects in the Eye
- run water in the eye starting at the nose and work outward
- if the object does not come out cover both eyes and seek medical attention
!!!Do Not rub the eyes!!!

63. Nosebleeds -
1. Keep person calm and lean head forward
2. Apply direct pressure by pressing on the bleeding nostril
3. Apply a cold towel to the person’s nose and face
4. Place a piece of cotton or gauze between the upper lip and teeth to stop the bleeding

64. Treatment for Poisonings
Lesson 4
Treatment for Poisonings

65. - between 1 and 2 million poisonings occur in US each year
can occur through swallowing or inhaling a toxic substance, through snakebite, or through contact with a poisonous plant or chemical
- between 1 and 2 million poisonings occur in US each year
-most involve children under
age 6

67. Signs of oral poisoning:
- sharp abdominal cramps
extreme drowsiness followed by loss of consciousness
-vomiting
-chemical odor on the breath
-chemical burns on the lips
-open container of a poisonous substance

68. First Aid for Swallowing Poison
Call poison control center
2. Have the following information:
a. age and weight of victim
b. name of suspected poison
c. amount taken
d. time it was taken, if known
3. Treat for shock
Emetic- an agent that induces vomiting

69. Snakebites Poisonous ones in US:
1. Rattlesnake 3. Copperhead 2. Water moccasin 4. Coral snake
First Aid:
Get victim to hospital - keep the victim as still and quiet as possible.
2. Keep the bitten area at or below the level of the heart.

70. 3.Call EMS for instructions
4. Do not put ice on bite, the venom does more damage in a cold environment.
Venom - a poisonous substance secreted by a snake or other animal
5. Maintain breathing and prevent aggravation of the wound
- move slowly and rest periodically

71. Poisonous snakes in NC

72. Contact Poisoning A. Plants 1. Poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac
2. First defense - learn what they look like
3. Causes - rash, blistering, swelling, burning, itching, and possible a fever
4. First aid - remove contaminated clothing

74. 2. All should be stored out of reach of children
- wash with soap and water
- use Calamine lotion for itching
-if severe, get medical help
B. Chemicals
1. Household cleaning agents and pesticides are common causes of poisoning
2. All should be stored out of reach of children

75. 3. Direct contact with a poison usually. causes a burning of the skin,
3. Direct contact with a poison usually causes a burning of the skin, resembling a sunburn.
4. First aid - remove any contaminated clothing
- flood area with water for 15 minutes
- contact poison control center

76. Poisonous Spiders:
Black Widow:
Brown Recluse: