1. Tool Identification

2. WRENCHES Wrenches are the most used hand tool by service technicians.
Most wrenches are constructed of forged alloy steel, usually chrome-vanadium steel.
FIGURE 4-1 A forged wrench after it has been forged but before the flashing; extra material around the wrench has been removed.

3. WRENCHES Open-End Wrench
An open-end wrench is usually used to loosen or tighten bolts or nuts that do not require a lot of torque.
An open-end wrench has two different sizes; one at each end.
FIGURE 4-2 A typical open-end wrench.The size is different on each end.Notice that the head is angled 15 degrees at each end.

4. WRENCHES Open-End Wrench
An open-end wrench is usually used to loosen or tighten bolts or nuts that do not require a lot of torque.
An open-end wrench has two different sizes; one at each end.
FIGURE 4-2 A typical open-end wrench.The size is different on each end.Notice that the head is angled 15 degrees at each end.

5. 97. Open End Wrench 5

6. 97. Open End Wrench
Turning square head nuts and bolts 6

7. WRENCHES Box-End Wrench
A box-end wrench has two different sizes; one at each end.
FIGURE 4-4 The end of a box-end wrench is angled 15 degrees to allow clearance for nearby objects or other fasteners.

8. WRENCHES Box-End Wrench
Most service technicians purchase combination wrenches, which have the open end at one end and the same size box end on the other end.
FIGURE 4-5 A combination wrench has an open end at one end and a box end at the other end.

9. 11. Box End Wrench 9

10. 11. Box End Wrench Turning hex head nuts and bolts.
One end of the combination wrench is like the boxend wrench. 10

11. 29. Combination Wrench 11

12. 29. Combination Wrench
Turing hex and square nuts and bolts 12

13. WRENCHES Adjustable Wrench
An adjustable wrench is often used where the exact size wrench is not available or when a large nut, such as a wheel spindle nut, needs to be rotated but not tightened.
FIGURE 4-6 An adjustable wrench. Adjustable wrenches are sized by the overall length of the wrench and not by how far the jaws open. Common sizes of adjustable wrenches include 8, 10, and 12 inch.

14. 1. Adjustable Wrench 14

15. 1. Adjustable Wrench
Turning various size nuts and bolts 15

16. 2. Allen Wrench 16

17. 2. Allen Wrench
Turning hex head socket screws 17

18. RATCHETS, SOCKETS, AND EXTENSIONS
A socket fits over the fastener and grips the points and/or flats of the bolt or nut.
The socket is rotated (driven) using either a long bar called a breaker bar (flex handle) or a ratchet.

19. RATCHETS, SOCKETS, AND EXTENSIONS
FIGURE 4-9 A typical flex handle used to rotate a socket, also called a breaker bar because it usually has a longer handle than a ratchet and, therefore, can be used to apply more torque to a fastener than a ratchet.
FIGURE 4-8 A typical ratchet used to rotate a socket. A ratchet makes a ratcheting noise when it is being rotated in the opposite direction from loosening or tightening. A knob or lever on the ratchet allows the user to switch directions.

20. RATCHETS, SOCKETS, AND EXTENSIONS
Sockets are available in various drive sizes, including 1/4-inch, 3/8-inch, and 1/2-inch sizes for most automotive use.
FIGURE 4-10 The most commonly used socket drive sizes include 1/4-inch, 3/8-inch, and 1/2-inch drive.

21. RATCHETS, SOCKETS, AND EXTENSIONS
FIGURE 4-11 A 6-point socket fits the head of the bolt or nut on all sides. A 12-point socket can round off the head of a bolt or nut if a lot of force is applied.

22. 123. Regular Socket 22

23. 123. Regular Socket General purpose socket for turning nuts and bolts

24. 124. Reversible Ratchet 24

25. 124. Reversible Ratchet
Reverse rotation of socket turning 25

26. RATCHETS, SOCKETS, AND EXTENSIONS Safe Use of Sockets and Ratchets
Always use the proper size socket that correctly fits the bolt or nut.
All sockets and ratchets should be cleaned after use before being placed back into the toolbox.
FIGURE 4-16 Deep sockets allow access to the nut that has a stud plus other locations needing great depth, such as spark plugs.

27. 39. Deep Socket 27

28. 39. Deep Socket
Turning nuts and bolts in depressed areas 28

29. 51. Extension 29

30. 51. Extension
Extends reach of socket 30

31. SCREWDRIVERS
Many smaller fasteners are removed and installed by using a screwdriver.
The most commonly used screwdriver is called a flat tip or straight blade.
FIGURE 4-17 A flat-tip (straight blade) screwdriver. The width of the blade should match the width of the slot in the fastener being loosened or tightened.

32. 139. Slotted Screwdriver 32

33. 139. Slotted Screwdriver
Turning slotted screws 33

34. 98. Phillips Screwdriver 34

35. 98. Phillips Screwdriver
Turning phillips head screws 35

36. SCREWDRIVERS Offset Screwdrivers
An offset screwdriver is bent at the ends and is used similar to a wrench.
FIGURE 4-19 An offset screwdriver is used to install or remove fasteners that do not have enough space above to use a conventional screwdriver.

37. SCREWDRIVERS Impact Screwdriver
An impact screwdriver is used to break loose or tighten a screw.
A hammer is used to strike the end after the screwdriver holder is placed in the head of the screw and rotated in the desired direction.
FIGURE 4-20 An impact screwdriver used to remove slotted or Phillips head fasteners that cannot be broken loose using a standard screwdriver.

38. HAMMERS AND MALLETS
Hammers and mallets are used to force objects together or apart.
The shape of the back part of the hammer head (called the peen) usually determines the name.
FIGURE 4-21 A typical ball-peen hammer.

39. 4. Ball Pein Hammer 39

40. 4. Ball Pein Hammer
Hammering metal 40

41. 92. Nail Hammer 41

42. 92. Nail Hammer
Driving nails 42

43. HAMMERS AND MALLETS Mallets
Mallets are a type of hammer with a large striking surface, which allows the technician to exert force over a larger area than a hammer, so as not to harm the part or component.
FIGURE 4-22 A rubber mallet used to deliver a force to an object without harming the surface.

44. 185. Wood Mallet 44

45. 185. Wood Mallet
Driving non-metallic objects 45

46. 130. Rubber Mallet 46

47. 130. Rubber Mallet
Hammering to avoid marring surface 47

48. HAMMERS AND MALLETS Mallets
FIGURE 4-23 A dead-blow hammer that was left outside in freezing weather. The plastic covering was damaged, which destroyed this hammer. The lead shot is encased in the metal housing and then covered.

49. PLIERS Slip-Joint Pliers
Pliers are capable of holding, twisting, bending, and cutting objects and are an extremely useful classification of tools.
FIGURE 4-24 Typical slip-joint pliers, which are also common household pliers. The slip joint allows the jaws to be opened to two different settings.

50. 138. Slip Joint Pliers 50

51. 138. Slip Joint Pliers
Adjust for holding various size materials 51

52. PLIERS Multigroove Adjustable Pliers
For gripping larger objects, a set of multigroove adjustable pliers is a commonly used tool of choice by many service technicians.
FIGURE 4-25 Multigroove adjustable pliers are known by many names, including the trade name “Channel Locks.”

53. 66. Groove Joint Pliers 53

54. PLIERS Linesman’s Pliers
FIGURE 4-26 A linesman’s pliers are very useful because they can help perform many automotive service jobs.

55. 136. Side Cutting Pliers 55

56. 136. Side Cutting Pliers
Holding and/or cutting wire 56

57. PLIERS Diagonal Pliers
Diagonal pliers are designed for cutting only.
The cutting jaws are set at an angle to make it easier to cut wires.
FIGURE 4-27 Diagonal-cut pliers are another common tool that has many names.

58. 41. Diagonal Cutting Pliers58

59. 41. Diagonal Cutting Pliers
Surface and diagonal wire cutting 59

60. PLIERS Needle-Nose Pliers
Needle-nose pliers are designed to grip small objects or objects in tight locations.
Needle-nose pliers have long, pointed jaws, which allow the tips to reach into narrow openings or groups of small objects.
FIGURE 4-28 Needle-nose pliers are used where there is limited access to a wire or pin that needs to be installed or removed.

61. 82. Long Nose Pliers 61

62. 82. Long Nose Pliers
Reaching into recessed areas 62

63. PLIERS Locking Pliers
Locking pliers are adjustable pliers that can be locked to hold objects from moving.
FIGURE 4-29 Locking pliers are best known by their trade name Vise Grips®.

64. 174. Vise Grip Pliers 64

65. 174. Vise Grip Pliers
For extra firm gripping 65

66. CUTTERS Utility Knife
A utility knife uses a replaceable blade and is used to cut a variety of materials such as carpet, plastic, wood, and paper products, such as cardboard.
FIGURE 4-33 A utility knife uses replaceable blades and is used to cut carpet and other materials.

67. HACKSAWS
A hacksaw is used to cut metals, such as steel, aluminum, brass, or copper.
The cutting blade of a hacksaw is replaceable and the sharpness and number of teeth can be varied to meet the needs of the job.
FIGURE 4-41 A typical hacksaw that is used to cut metal. If cutting sheet metal or thin objects, a blade with more teeth should be used.

68. 67. Hack Saw 68

69. 67. Hack Saw
Sawing metal 69

71. 155. Tape Rule 71

72. 155. Tape Rule
Straight or curved measuring 72

73. 87. Mason Level 73

74. 87. Mason Level
Leveling and plumbing masonry material 74

75. 81. Line Level 75

76. Use with a string 81. Line Level Leveling between long distance points76

77. 28. Combination Square 77

78. 28. Combination Square
Determining 45 and 90 degree angles 78

79. 169. Try Square 79

80. 169. Try Square
90 degree square 80

81. 60. Framing Square 81

82. 60. Framing Square
Squaring cut corners and laying out stairs and rafters 82

84. 30. Common Nail 84

85. 30. Common Nail Nailing boards together when holding power is desired85

86. 56. Finishing Nail 86

87. 56. Finishing Nail
Nailing boards where head will not be noticed 87

88. 89. Masonry Nail 88

89. 89. Masonry Nail
Nailing to concrete, brick or block 89

90. 54. Fence Staple
For nailing up fence 90

91. 54. Fence Staple
For nailing up fence 91

92. 18. Carriage bolt 92

93. 18. Carriage bolt
Bolting wood to wood or wood to metal 93

94. 52. Eye Bolt 94

95. 52. Eye Bolt
Bolt used to attach wire onto 95

96. 58. Flathead Stove Bolt 96

97. 58. Flathead Stove Bolt
Fastening wood to metal/metal to metal with wrench leaving a flat surface 97

98. 59. Flathead Wood Screw 98

99. 59. Flathead Wood Screw
Fastening wood to wood where a flat surface is required 99

100. 79. Lag Screw
100

101. 79. Lag Screw
Screw used when great pressure to turn is applied
101

102. 84. Machine Bolt
102

103. 84. Machine Bolt
Fastening metal to metal with a wrench
103

104. 127. Roundhead Stove Bolt
104

105. 127. Roundhead Stove Bolt
Fastening wood or metal to metal with a screwdriver or wrench
105

106. 128. Roundhead Wood Screw
106

107. 128. Roundhead Wood Screw
Fastening wood to wood
107

108. 135. Sheet Metal Screw
108

109. 135. Sheet Metal Screw
Joining two pieces of sheet metal
109

110. 36. Cordless drill
110

111. 36. Cordless drill Drilling holes with a tool that uses a battery pack
111

112. 91. Miter Box
112

113. 91. Miter Box
Cutting angles
113

114. 115. Portable Circular Saw
114

115. 115. Portable Circular Saw
Sawing wood in construction projects
115

116. 116. Portable Electric Drill

117. 116. Portable Electric Drill
Drilling holes with an external power supply
117

118. 117. Portable Jig Saw
118

119. 117. Portable Jig Saw
Making irregular cuts
119

120. 94. Nailing Gun
120

121. 94. Nailing Gun
Rapid nailing using air, gas, or electricity
121

122. 118. Portable Electric Sander
122

123. 118. Portable Electric Sander
Power tool used for smoothing surface
123

124. 129. Router
124

125. 129. Router
Making edges or designs in wooden surfaces
125

126. 88. Masonry Bit
126

127. 88. Masonry Bit
Boring a hole in concrete, brick or block
127

128. 147. Speed Bore Bit
128

129. 147. Speed Bore Bit
Wood boring bit for electric drill
129

130. 149. Straight Shank Drill Bit
130

131. 25. Circular Carbide Saw Blade
Blade used on portable electric saw
131

132. 25. Circular Carbide Saw Blade
132

133. 22. Chalk Line Reel
133

134. Contains chalk and string
22. Chalk Line Reel
Marking straight lines
Contains chalk and string
134

135. 17. C Clamps
135

136. 17. C Clamps
Clamping two or more pieces of metal together
136

137. 5. Bar Clamp
137

138. 5. Bar Clamp
138