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The History and Methods of Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Psychology Sorenson
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What is Cognitive Psychology? The branch of psychology that studies how we perceive, attend, recognize, remember, reason, decide… what happens in our minds
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Cognitive activities Perception Attention Memory Language Reasoning and Decision making
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What is the “mind” ? How can we study the inner workings of the mind when we can’t “see” the mind?
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Nativism The history of studying cognitions Greeks – 19 th century Empiricism
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Donders simple reaction time vs. choice reaction time stimulus mental process behavior Reaction time
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Ebbinghaus
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Gestalt psychology
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Behaviorism Rejected mentalistic concepts Dealt solely with observable behavior
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Cognitive Revolution Proposed that mental states could be studied (reaction to behaviorists) Some results… Human factors engineering Limited-capacity processors The magical number seven, plus or minus two Linguistics
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A typical information-processing model. Paradigms of Cognitive Psychology
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A typical connectionist model. Paradigms of Cognitive Psychology
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So how do we study cognition?
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Methods Naturalistic observation Ecological validity Experimenter control Observer bias Observation causing changes in subjects’ behaviors http://www.pocketcashatms.com/attachments/Image/ATM_use.jpg
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Methods Introspection Insight Ecological validity Experimenter control Observer bias Can you really observe something while doing it? http://paulbuckley14059.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/introspection.jpg
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Methods Experiments/Quasi-experiments Experimenter control Isolate causal factors May not be ecologically valid http://www.lightalongthejourney.com/Images/labrat.jpg
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Brain Imaging Computerized Tomography (CT) CT scanners use x-ray technology to view brain structure © Ribotsky/Custom Medical Stock Photo Normal Twin Twin w/ Schizophrenia
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detects strong magnetic fields from hydrogen atoms Courtesy Todd A. Gould Brain Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) http://lcni.uoregon.edu/images/gallery/Machine1500x375.png http://www.sandybeardsley.com/images/mri2.jpg
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Measures brain activity based on the utilization of radioactive glucose or oxygen. Courtesy Dept. of Energy Office of Public Affairs Brain Imaging Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
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uses a series of images taken in a short period of time to analyze brain activity. Brain Imaging Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
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Issues with Brain Imaging Subtraction method Location of blood/nutrients Interactivity
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Scalp electrodes provide information about the activity of large populations of neurons. Used to study states of consciousness (sleep/wake) and seizures. Copyright © 2004 Allyn and Bacon Other Recording Techniques Electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Series of EEG responses to environmental stimuli Useful in studying perception Other Recording Techniques Evoked Potentials (ERP)
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