1. Circulation and Respiration
Basic features
Distribute nutrients throughout body
Remove wastes from cellular activity
Exchange gases
Advanced features
Defend against infection
Cell communication – hormones

2. Why is a circulatory system necessary?
Rate of diffusion limits effective transfer of nutrients.
Fluid carries nutrient and dissolved gases to cells.
Connects organs of exchange with the rest of the body
Organs of exchange in animals
Nutrients – stomach, intestines
Gases – gills or lungs

3. Simple Distribution in Radiates
Fluid filled channels distribute nutrients
Branching
Increases surface area
Allows rapid diffusion to all cells

4. Open and Closed Circulatory Systems

5. Open Closed Blood and interstitial fluid the same - Hemolymph
Exchange occurs at sinus
Separate blood and interstitial fluid
Exchange occurs at blood vessels

6. What Are the Features of Our Circulatory System?
Fluid
Vessels – tubes to carry fluid
Pump to move fluid
Valves to keep fluid moving in one direction
Blood cells

7. Vertebrate Circulatory Schemes

8. Mammalian Circulatory System
Pulmonary Loop
Systemic Loop

9. Valve Structure of the Heart
One way valves keep blood flowing in one direction

10. Cardiac Cycle

11. Cardiac Muscle
Each cell is electrically connected to the next

12. Control of Heart Rhythm
Coordinated contraction keeps blood flowing in one direction

13. Blood Vessels Arteries Veins Capillaries
Blood moves by pressure from heart
Veins
Blood moves by action of valves and skeletal muscles
Capillaries
Many small branches to increase surface area

14. Structure of Blood Vessels

15. Vein vs. Artery Thin flexible wall One way valves
Moved by skeletal muscles
Thick more rigid wall
No one way valves
Moved by heart

16. Effects of Blood Vessel Branching
As cross-sectional area increases blood velocity decreases
As surface area increases blood pressure decreases

17. Veins

18. Blood Flow in Veins

19. Control of Blood Flow in Capillaries
Blood can be diverted prevented from entering capillary net

20. Movement of Fluid in and Out of Capillaries

21. Blood
Components of Blood

22. Blood Cells

23. Blood Clotting
Warfarin

24. Gas Exchange

25. Gas Exchange in Aquatic Invertebrates

26. Gill Structure in Fish

27. Countercurrent flow Maximizes oxygen uptake
Greatest difference in Oxygen content comes into contact with water

28. The human respiratory tract

29. Alveoli Structure 1

30. Alveoli Structure 2

31. Negative Pressure Breathing

32. Oxygen Loading and Unloading
Hemoglobin in red blood cells carries oxygen and carbon dioxide

33. Hemoglobin Found in red blood cells
Multiple protein complex with iron molecule
Each hemoglobin binds to 4 oxygen or carbon dioxide molecules
In general:
High oxygen/low carbon dioxide – releases carbon dioxide and binds to oxygen
Low oxygen/high carbon dioxide – releases oxygen and binds to carbon dioxide

34. Oxygen Dissociation Oxygen dissociation is greater at lower pH
Metabolically active tissues have lower pH

35. Carbon Dioxide Exchange

36. Effect of respiratory poisons
Carbon monoxide and cyanide
Bind to hemoglobin more strongly than oxygen or carbon dioxide and don’t release
Cells do not receive oxygen