1. Gandhi in India
Spinning Wheel was the symbol of Gandhi’s approach towards development—Small is Beautiful Movement—national self-sufficiency

2. Gandhi’s Approach to Development
Very critical of industrial capitalism and believed India shouldn’t follow path of European development based on exploitation
Also critical of materialism
Wanted to employ former artisans and provide farmers with a living wage
Wanted national self-sufficiency

3. The British Back Down
released Gandhi from jail & negotiated with him as an equal.
1935 – Gov’t of India Act—India gained a great deal of autonomy and ended dual system of 1919, but still not full independence
1942- called on British to “Quit India” – civil disorder campaign – arrested & jailed.

4. The Muslim League Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948)
Feared Hindu domination of an independent India ruled by Congress Party.
Made Muslim separation from Hindu majority a nationalist issue.
In 1940 Jinnah told a Muslim League conference that Britain should give Indian Hindus & Muslims separate homelands – Gandhi appalled “victory of hate over love”

5. Independence But Partition
Britain agreed to speedy independence in 1945, but murderous clashes between Hindus and Muslims in 1946 led to a delay.
In the end...
India’s last Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten ( ) proposed partition. Both sides agreed.
One fifth of humanity gained independence on August 14th 1947.

7. The Tragedy of Partition
Massacres and mass expulsions.
100,000 slaughtered & five million refugees
Gandhi said “What is there to celebrate? I see nothing but rivers of death.”
Gandhi was gunned down in January 1948 by a Hindu fanatic, while announcing a fast to protest Hindu persecution of Muslims.

8. Refugees

9. Nehru’s Family Rules PM of India today is Narendra Modi
Jawaharlal Nehru became the first prime minister
1964 Nehru dies
Congress Party left with no strong leader
1966 Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister (Nehru’s daughter)
1980 re-elected (after a short period out of office)
Increased food/grain production
Faced a threat from Sikh extremists agitating for an independent state
were killed in a violent demonstrations
2 months later her Sikh bodyguards shot her
Rajiv Gandhi leader / charged with corruption
PM of India today is Narendra Modi

10. Modern India Largest democracy in the world
Green Revolution increased food production
Democracy, & Economic Modernization (til the early 1990s followed socialism)
In 1991 b/c of regulations of the IMF India was forced to move toward a more free market economy.
High tech innovations increased productivity, esp. in computer software and hardware, machine tools, nuclear power, and customer service.

11. Challenges for India Kashmir= years of conflict that continues today
Conflict with a Sikh separatist group led to assassination of Indira Gandhi
Social and cultural issues= continuous challenges with progress
Caste system
Continued poverty
Big gap between rich and poor
Women’s rights

12. Kashmir Border both India & Pakistan
Hindu leader with large Muslim populations
1947-Pakistan invaded leading Kashmir to align with India fighting cont.’d until Cease fire lead to 1/3 control by Pakistan 2/3 by India.
1962- China seized part of Kashmir
1972- Indian and Pakistani forces fought again
Today: tensions continue and flare up intermittently

13. Outline GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949)
Recovery and Socialism ( )
Rethinking the Soviet model ( )
Great Leap Forward ( )
Recovery & growing elite division (1962-5)
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution ( )

14. Civil War (1946 – 1949) GMD: Guomindang (Nationalist Party)
Jian Jieshi (President)
CCP: Chinese Communist Party
Mao Zedong

15. “War of Liberation”

16. Mao Zedong A revolution to remove “3 big mountains”
imperialism
feudalism
bureaucrat-capitalism
A “United Front” of …
workers
peasants
petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie

17. People’s Republic of China
, PRC, Beijing
Chairman: Mao Zedong
5-Star Red Flag
Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan

18. Economic Reconstruction 1950s
Soviet Union model and assistance
land reform (eliminate landlord class)
Land redistributed and peasant cooperatives created
Then all land was seized by state and collectivized
Five-Year Plan implemented—industries nationalized, focus on heavy industry
First National People’s Congress (1954)
PRC Constitution
Zhou Enlai
Premier
Foreign Minister

19. Great Leap Forward ( )
abandoned the Soviet model of economic development
Mao unhappy with the degree of inequality in Chinese society
All-around development was stressed—attention given to both heavy industry and agriculture
mass mobilization
Decentralization was emphasized—stronger gov’ts on the local level
people’s communes

20. The Great Leap Forward

21. Communes

22. Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) unrealistic output targets industry
agricultural and human disaster

23. Growing Division (1962-1965) Mao Zedong vs. Deng Xiaoping
charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracy
Mao allowed Deng to implement market-oriented policies that revived the economy, but Mao still unhappy with China’s progress towards true egalitarianism

24. Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
commitment to revolution and “class struggle”
power struggle to succeed Mao

25. Phase I: Red Guards ( )

26. The Red Guards
Purge of party cadres
Purge of intellectuals

27. The “Gang of Four” power struggle between the fate of Deng Xiaoping
the radical “Gang of Four”, led by Jiang Qing, Mao’s wife
the “moderates”, led by Premier Zhou Enlai
the fate of Deng Xiaoping

28. Diplomatic Breakthrough
1971, PRC became the representative of China in UN (replaced ROC)

29. Diplomatic Breakthrough
1972, President Nixon visited Beijing

30. Mao and Zhou Died in 1976 Turning point in China’s postwar era
“Gang of Four” were arrested
End of the Cultural Revolution

31. Reforms and Opening up
The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP Central Committee in 1978
Deng Xiaoping’s ascendancy
economic modernization became focus

32. China since 1978
Mao dies in 1976 and Deng Xiaoping comes to power and remains till 1997.
Deng institutes the Four Modernizations, which focuses on improving agriculture, industry, science and technology as well as defense.
SEZs established
Incredible Success!! 2010-China became the 2nd largest economy in the world.

33. Tiananmen Square, 1989
More democracy!

34. Student activist, Wang Dan, Beijing University
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Student activist, Wang Dan, Beijing University

35. The Government Clamps Down
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Government Clamps Down

36. The Massacre: The People’s Army Moves In
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Massacre: The People’s Army Moves In

37. Tiananmen square massacre

38. Review of China’s Population
Over 1.3 billion people (1/5 of the world’s population)
56 recognized ethnic groups. The Han are the largest (92%)
Large population can be attributed to Mao

39. Population in China Efforts were made to limit the population
Only 2 children per family law
One Child Policy
Policies did not work that well
Rural families did not comply
Males regarded more highly than females