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The Circulatory System
Notes Chapter 47 Section 1 The Circulatory System
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Functions of the Circulatory System
_______ blood containing oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells Transports CO2 and other wastes _____ from cells
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Functions Continued Fights _________ Regulates body ____________
Helps stabilize ___ and _____ concentration of body fluids.
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Circulatory System Components Heart ________ Arteries Veins
Capillaries
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The Heart A muscular pump Moves blood through the body
Is suspended in the ___________ sac Aorta Left pulmonary artery Left atrium Left pulmonary veins Left ventricle Superior vena cava Right pulmonary Right atrium Right ventricle Inferior vena cava Composed of ______ chambers Divided into right and left _______ Made up of cardiac muscle cells
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Pericardium Protective sac of __________ tissue Surrounds the heart
Filled with ______
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(Inner surface of myocardium)
(heart muscle) shown in red Epicardium (Outer surface of myocardium) Endocardium (Inner surface of myocardium) The muscle of the heart Strong and thick Composed of spontaneously contracting cardiac muscle fibers Can conduct electricity like nerves It’s blood supply comes from the coronary arteries
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Structures of the Heart
Chambers _____- (2) upper chambers _____ walled Receive blood from veins Send blood to ventricles ________- (2) lower chambers _______ walled Receive blood from atria Pump blood out through arteries Septum Pulmonary valve Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Left atrium Aortic valve Mitral valve Left ventricle _________ Wall that divides heart into right and left halves
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Structures of the Heart
Valves Prevent ________ of blood Keep blood moving in ____ direction Valves seen from above Chordea tendinea Pulmonary valve Tricuspid valve Pulmonary veins Mitral valve Left atrium Pulmonary valve Aortic valve Right atrium Between the _________ At junctions of artery and chamber
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Structures of the Heart
Chordae tendinease “Heart strings” Cord-like ________ Connect papillary muscles to tricuspid and mitral valves Prevent ________ of valve Papillary muscles Small muscles that _______ the cords Papillary muscle
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Structures of the Heart
aortic valve left common carotid artery left subclavian artery brachiocephalic artery right pulmonary artery septum left pulmonary artery aorta pulmonary trunk left pulmonary veins left atrium (auricle) mitral valve pulmonary valve papillary muscle left ventricle right pulmonary veins superior vena cava right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle inferior vena cava © 2006 Merriam-Webster, Inc. 14 13 1 2 17 15 4 6 Semilunar valve 3 5 12 bicuspid valve 16 Semilunar valve 11 atrioventricular valve 7 9 8 10
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Cardiac Cycle Refers to all of the events from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the ____ heart beat When cardiac muscle contracts it does so as a single unit, creating a heart beat One heartbeat - a cardiac cycle - consists of two parts called _______ and _______
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Cardiac Cycle Diastole is the period of time when the heart _________ after contraction Oxygenated blood from the lungs fills the left atrium ____________ blood from other parts of the body fills the right atrium. At the end of the diastole, the atria contract, starting the Systole
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Cardiac Cycle The term systole is synonymous with contraction of a muscle. _______ systole is the contraction of the heart muscle of the left and right atria. Both atria contract at the same time, sending blood into the corresponding ventricle ______ systole is the contraction of the muscles of the left and right ventricles, which contract at the same time.
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Cardiac Cycle During systole the ventricles contract, forcing the blood into the pulmonary artery to be re-oxygenated in the lungs, and into the aorta for systemic distribution of oxygenated blood
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Cardiac Cycle Heart Sounds
“___”- sound- due to closure of the atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid) “____”- sound- due to closure of the aortic valve and pulmonary valve Two normal heart sounds with each heart beat described as a…..
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Cardiac Cycle Heart Rate - count of each heart beat
On average, a heart beats __ times a minute when at rest Usually it is calculated as number of contractions of heart (heart beats) in one minute and expressed as "beats per minute" (bpm). The pulse is the most straightforward way of measuring the heart rate Heart rate is controlled by What part nervous system?
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Cardiac Cycle (do not know)
_________ division increases heart rate ___________ division decreases heart rate Heart rate increases when more food and oxygen are needed by the cells, or when under stress Resting heart rate can be significantly lower in athletes
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Cardiac Cycle An electrocardiogram abbreviated as EKG or ECG is a test that measures the electrical activity of the heartbeat or one cardiac cycle.
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Cardiac Conduction System
Why don’t the atria and ventricles contract at the same time? Inefficient…. Blood would not be moved in one direction, some would flow backwards
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Cardiac Conduction System
Includes: SA node AV node Bundle of His Purkinje fibers Purkinje fibers
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Cardiac Conduction System
Sinoatrial Node (SA node) Located high on the right atrium. ___________ of the heart. Causes the _______ of contractions in the atria. ______ blood into the ventricles
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Cardiac Conduction System
Atrioventricular Node (AV node) Located in the interatrial septum close to the tricuspid valve Carries the electrical impulse from the SA node to fiber bundles in the ventricles. This causes the ___________ to contract The location of nerve fiber bundles cause the ventricles to contract from the apex (bottom) up squeezing blood up and out
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Pathway of Circulation
Oxygen-poor blood draining from the body through veins into the superior and inferior vena cava flows to the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, and into the right ventricle. As the right ventricle contracts, oxygen-poor blood passes through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary arteries and on to the lungs to receive oxygen.
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Pathway of Circulation
Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs enters the heart through the pulmonary veins, passing into the left atrium. Then through the mitral valve to the left ventricle. Contraction of the left ventricle forces blood through the aortic valve into the aorta. Various arteries branch off from the aorta to supply blood to all parts of the body.
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Pathway of Circulation
Nutrients pass into tissues Waste products filter back Blood pumped out of heart into arteries, which branch into smaller and smaller vessels until blood flows into capillaries Blood returns to the heart through the veins Heart Capillary network Arteries branch into smaller and smaller vessels (arterioles) They eventually become capillaries, which supply blood to all body parts Capillaries merge into (venuoles) which join into veins and carry blood back to the heart.
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Pathway of Circulation
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Pathway of Circulation
14 16 14 15 1 7 13 6 6 8 9 5 12 10 2 3 11 4 1 It takes about 1 min. for blood to make 1 complete cycle And so on…
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Cardiovascular Circuits
Pulmonary Circuit Systemic Circuit Lung Pulmonary vein Aorta Left atrium ventricle artery Right Vena cava oxygen-poor blood oxygen-rich blood
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Pulmonary Circulation
Takes place on the ____ side of the heart. Pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs to pick up oxygen and return to heart
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Systemic Circulation Takes place on _____ side of heart
Oxygenated blood is pumped to the body cells thru the aorta and other arteries Blood low in ______ returns to the heart
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Coronary Circulation The coronary circulation consists of the blood vessels that supply blood to, and remove blood from the _____ muscle itself. Although blood fills the chambers of the heart, the muscle tissue of the heart is so thick that it requires coronary blood vessels to deliver blood deep into the myocardium.
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Coronary Circulation The vessels that supply blood high in oxygen to the myocardium are known as ________ arteries.
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Blood Vessels Form a closed circuit of tubes that carry blood throughout the body Laid end to end, the blood vessels in an average human body will stretch approximately 62,000 miles……2.5 times around the earth
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Blood Vessels Have characteristic features
Are distinguished by size, tissue layers and direction of blood flow
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Blood Vessels Arteries Receive blood from ventricles _________________
Usually carry oxygenated blood ____________________ Withstand greater blood pressure Are very _________ Connect to capillaries Aorta is the largest artery
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Blood Vessels Veins Transport blood away from capillaries
Carry blood toward heart Take blood to atria Have valves Thinner vessel walls with less smooth muscles than arteries Can stretch a great deal Have larger diameters Usually carry de-oxygenated blood Vena cava is the largest vein
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Blood Vessels The contraction of muscles compressing veins helps push blood up through the leg veins back to the heart. The _____ allow the blood to flow towards the heart only. Calf muscle relaxed contracts Muscle squeezes veins Veins constrict; blood moves; valves open Veins dialated; blood still; valves closed Valves OPEN CLOSED
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Varicose veins
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Blood Vessels Capillaries Smallest of blood vessels
Only one cell thick (epithelial cell) Connect arteries to veins Bring oxygen and nutrients to cells Removes CO2, urea, and other wastes from cells Where blood is under low pressure and moving slowly
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Blood Vessels A network of capillaries runs close to the cells in every part of the body. The capillaries have very thin walls which allows nutrients to diffuse through into the tissues and waste products to filter back into the capillaries. Arteriole Venule Tissue cells Vein Artery capillaries Capillaries
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