1. Headings Vocabulary Important Information*

2. Terminology
Tissues – group of cells that carry out specialized activities
Histo = Tissue
…ology = study of
Pathologists – Study of cells and tissue; diseased
Patho = disease *

3. Four Main Types Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
Body surfaces, hollow organs, glands
Connective
Binds organs together, energy reserves for fat
Muscle
Movement and force application
Nervous
Stimulates action potential to activate body functions *

4. Germ Layers
Ectoderm – The primary layer which give rise to nervous system and the epidermis of skin
Mesoderm – Middle germ layer which gives rise to connective tissue, blood, muscles
Endoderm – Lower germ layer that gives rise to the GI tract, urinary bladder, and respiratory tract *

5. *

6. Cell Junctions – Point of contact between adjacent membranes of various cell types
Tight Junctions – Fluid tight seal between cells to prevent leaking of substances into blood or surrounding tissues; stomach lining & urinary bladder, and intestines *

7. Anchoring (Adhesion) Junction (Desmosomes)
– Fasten cells to on another, common in stretched areas such as heart uterus outer skin

8. Gap Junction
Allow passage of chemical/electrical signals through connexons (protein tunnels-hollow cylinders) from cell to cell; i.e. muscular contraction, pain

9. Protection, Filtration, Secretion, Absorption, and Excretion
Functions:
Protection, Filtration, Secretion, Absorption, and Excretion
Divisions:
Covering and Lining
2.Glandular Epithelium *

10. Tissue Arrangements Layer Arrangement Simple Stratified
Pseudostratified
Single Layer
Two or More layers
One layer of mixed cells
Osmosis, Diffusion,
Absorption, Secretion
Protect underlying tissues
In areas of wear and tear
Mucus Secretion
And Movement *

11. Cell Shapes Cell Shapes Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Transitional Flat
Thick Cubed
Tall, Cylindrical
Varies *

12. *

13. A. Simple Squamous
Function: Filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and secretion in serous membranes
Location: Kidneys Glomeruli (water, glucose, and wastes), Air Sac of Lungs (Gas Exchange), Heart and Blood Vessels (Nutrients & Medicine) *

14. B. Simple Cuboidal Function: Secretion and Absorption
Location: Kidney Tubules (Wastes), Ovary Surface (Ova) *

15. C. Ciliated Simple Columnar
Function: Moves fluids and particles along passageways
Location: Found in respiratory tract (mucosal Movement), fallopian tubes (Ova movement), sinuses (Pathogen removal→ Runny Nose)
Cilia *

16. C. Non-Ciliated Columnar
Function: Microvilli secretion and Absorption
Location: GI tract lining (Absorption of nutrients and water) & Gallbladder (Secretion of Bile) *

17. *

18. *

19. A. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Functions: Mucus movement by cilia action
Location: Found in upper respiratory tract and urethra, and gonads of males (Sperm maturation) *

20. B. Stratified Squamous
Functions: Protection of superficial layers of skin; vagina, mouth, esophagus, tongue
Location:
Keratinized = Superficial Layers of Skin
Non-Keratinized = Wet Surfaces (Mouth, Vagina, Tongue) *

21. C. Stratified Cuboidal
Functions: Protection and limited secretion of sweat glands
Location: Sudoriferous Glands (SWEAT) *

22. D. Transitional Epithelium
Function: Accommodate Distension in the urinary tract and vaginal walls as fluid pressures vary.
Stretched = Squamous
Relaxed = Cuboidal  
Location: Lining of the ureters, urethra, and bladder *

23. Glandular Epithelium

24. A. Glandular Epithelium: Endocrine
Function: Produce hormones
Location: Thyroid, Pituitary Gland, Ovaries,Testicles *

25. B. Exocrine Glands Merocrine (or Eccrine) secretion Apocrine secretion
Forms the product and discharge from the cell entirely
Salivary Glands
Apocrine secretion
Product forms at apical surface and pinches off from rest of cell
Mammary gland
Holocrine secretion
Accumulates secretory product in cytosol, cell dies and is discharge with its product
Sebaceous Gland (Acne) *

26. Binds organs together, energy reserves for fat*

27. Connective Tissue Three basic characteristics- 1.Cell Types
Fibroblasts – Large, flat immature cells responsible for mitosis & chemical secretion of matrix compds
Macrophages – Fixed vs. Wandering = Local or systemic Phagocytosis
Plasma Cells – Synthesis of B Lymphocoyte ~ Antibodies
Mast Cells – Histamine production, Heparin & Warfarin (Anticoagulants) *

28. 2.Ground Substance (Matrix)
Hyaluronic Acid
Cell binding, wound healing
Chondroitin Sulfate
Adhesiveness for bone, cartilage
Dermatan Sulfate
skin, tendons, heart valves
Keratan Sulfate
Bone, Cartilage

29. 3.Fibers (Matrix)
Collagen – Strength for tissues, most abundant
Elastin – Elasticity of tissues up to 150% of normal size

30. *

31. Skeletal Muscle Tissue Areolar Loose Con. Tissue
Hyaline Cartilage
Cardiac Muscle
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Areolar Loose Con. Tissue
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Adipose
Loose Con. Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Bone
Connective Tissue

32. Provides for support, Movement-Marrow (blood-forming)
Calcium
Haversian Canal
Compact vs. Spongy
Provides for support, Movement-Marrow (blood-forming) *

33. Cartilage

34. Extremely strong, but very flexible and elastic
Chondrocyte
Ground Substance
Lacuna
Extremely strong, but very flexible and elastic
Smooth surface for reduction of friction
Movement of Joints, Flexibility
Support (Trachea), Ossification *

35. Fibrocartilage Extremely tough Acts as a shock absorber
Ex: ball and socket joints, intervertebral disc *

36. Elastic Cartilage Abundance of elastin for stretching capability
Nose, Ears, epiglottis, larynx

37. Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue

38. Dense, Closely packed collagen fibers that provide high tensile strength
Strong attachment for Tendons (Muscle to Bone), Ligaments (Bone to Bone) *

39. Loose Connective Tissue

40. Consists of Collagen, Elastic, Reticular fibers
Fibroblasts
Elastin
Collagen
Provides strength, elasticity, and support to subcutaneous layer and pappilary regions of skin
Consists of Collagen, Elastic, Reticular fibers *

41. Nucleus
Fat Storage
Blood Vessel
Insulation
Energy Reserves *

42. Adipose Fat (White):
Used for insulation, energy reserve, fat storage

43. Adipose Fat (Brown):
Generates body heat in newborns that do not shiver
After infants grow up, most of the mitochondria (gives the brown color) disappears, becomes similar to white fat.
Recent Research=brown fat is related not to white fat, but to skeletal muscle

44. Loose Conn. Tissue Reticular Cartilage
Reticular – Form covering of many internal organs (Stroma)

45. Clotting (platelets) Immunity (WBC’s) Nutrient delivery
Oxygen Transport
Clotting (platelets)
Immunity (WBC’s)
Nutrient delivery *

46. Movement and force application*

47. Composes the heart wall
Functions in pumping blood to all parts of the body
Intercalated discs contain Gap Junctions (Communication) & Desmosomes (Anchor) *

48. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Attached to bones by tendons
Functions in body movements, posture, thermogenesis
Only Muscle tissue controlled voluntarily *

49. Smooth Muscle Tissue
Forms walls of many internal organs ie: Stomach, GI tract, Uterus, Anus
Functions in motion of internal organs *

50. Axon Dendrite Nucleus Consists of Neuron and Neuroglia
Neuron – Conversion from stimulus response to action potential (Sensory, Motor, Interneuron)
Dendrites – Reacts to stimuli
Axons – Conductor of impulse
Axon
Dendrite
Nucleus *

51. Sad? Need a Tissue? *

52. Skeletal Muscle Tissue Areolar Loose Con. Tissue
Hyaline Cartilage
Cardiac Muscle
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Areolar Loose Con. Tissue
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Adipose
Loose Con. Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Bone
Connective Tissue

53. SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
PSEUDO-STRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
DENSE REGULAR FIBROUS TISSUE
(TENDON)