1. America
Becomes
a Colonial
Power

2. Why did America
join the imperialist
club at the end
of the 19c?

3. 1. Commercial/Business Interests
U. S. Foreign Investments:
US Produces to much to consume needs foreign markets

4. 2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan  The Influence of Sea Power on History:

5. 3. Social Darwinist Thinking
The White Man’s Burden
The Hierarchy of Race

6. 4. Religious/Missionary Interests
American Missionaries in China, 1905

7. 5. Closing the American Frontier
What Will We Do Now?

8. Alaska

9. “Seward’s Folly”: 1867
$7.2 million

10. “Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

11. Cuba

12. The Imperialist Taylor

13. Spanish Misrule in Cuba

14. (Spain Commander “Reconcentration” Policy
Valeriano Weyler’s
(Spain Commander “Reconcentration” Policy
Cuban Citizens

15. “Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism
Want aggressive foreign policy
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!
William Randolph Hearst

16. Steps to Spanish-American War

17. (Published in Newspaper for everyone to read)
De Lôme Letter
(Published in Newspaper for everyone to read)
Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Ambassador to the U.S.
Criticized President McKinley as weak.
Politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.

18. Explosion of USS Maine USS Maine –docked in Cuban Port
Killed more than 250 Sailors
Probably accidental fire but Spain blamed

19. Theodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration.
Imperialist and American nationalist.
Criticized President McKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!
Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

20. The “Rough Riders”
Theodore Roosevelt
& Volunteers to fight in Cuba

21. Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

22. The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War”
US surrounded Spanish fleet and sank every ship
How prepared was the US for war?

23. Cuban Independence? Platt Amendment (1903) Senator Orville Platt
1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence.
2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval station.

24. The
Philippines

25. The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War”

26. Dewey Captures Manila!
From Spanish

27. Emilio Aguinaldo July 4, 1946: Philippine independence
Leader of the Filipino Uprising vs Spain and then US
July 4, 1946: Philippine independence

28. William H. Taft, 1st Gov.-General of the Philippines
Great administrator.

29. Our “Sphere of Influence”

30. The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam.
The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines.
The U.S. becomes an imperial power!

31. Japan

32. Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853
The Japanese View of Commodore Perry

33. Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr.
Non-European powers, like Japan, would be excluded from owning territory in the Western Hemisphere.

34. Hawaii:
"Crossroads
of the
Pacific"

35. U. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in by virtue of economic treaties.

36. Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the Hawaiians!—didn’t like US in Hawaii

37. U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii
1893 – American businessmen Sanford Ballard Dole backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani with US Marines.
Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894 & ask to be Annexed by US.

38. To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

39. The American Anti- Imperialist League
Founded in 1899.
Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders.
Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism.

40. DILEMMA--Did
U. S. citizenship
follow the flag??

41. Puerto
Rico

42. Puerto Rico: 1898
Foraker Act. US remove military govt but still in charge of Civil govt
1917 – Jones Act.
Made Puerto Rico people US citizens by act only because Constitution does not apply to territories.

43. Presidential Election 1900
William McKinley wins decisevly b/c of wars and economy was great
1 yr later Assassinated
Theodore Roosevelt now President

44. Panama
Spanish-American War showed US need for shorter route between Pacific and Atlantic Oceans

45. Panama Canal
French Co. rents land for 25 yrs from Columbia to build canal
Co. abandons project 10yrs later
Offers to sell remaining time to US
US still has to get ok from Columbia though
Columbia stalls hope time runs out and re-sell it at higher price
US threatens Columbia to stop delay

46. Panama Revolt
Secretly US told Philippe Buna-Varilla of French company the US would not interfere if they organized a Panamanian revolution against Columbia
Nov 1903 Revolt happens with US ships off cost ready to help. US immediately recognizes Panama independence and became its protector

47. Panama: The King’s Crown
1903  Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty.
US gets 10mile strip of land Permanently to build canal for $10 million

48. TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)
Panama Canal
TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)

49. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905
Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .

50. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
Corollary = extension of a previously accepted idea
Roosevelt denied that US wanted any more territory

51. Constable of the World

52. Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick!

53. China

54. The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
Chinese resented foreign influences
Massacred 300 foreigners and Christian chinese before defeated

55. The Open Door Policy Secretary John Hay.
Give all nations equal access to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

56. America as a Pacific Power

57. America's
New
Role

58. Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy - Peace between Japan and Russia
Treaty of Portsmouth:
Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy - Peace between Japan and Russia

59. The Great White Fleet:

60. Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”
Used money instead of bullets like Roosevelt
Improve financial opportunities for American businesses.
Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas.
Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.

61. President Woodrow Wilson
Mexico
&
President Woodrow Wilson

62. The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and has President Madero murdered.
Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.
The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.
Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.

63. The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Porfirio Diaz
longtime dictator
Francisco I Madero - murdered
General Victoriano Huerta - resigns to Carranza
Pancho Villa-
challenges Carranza
Venustiano Carranza

64. Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”
The U. S. should be the conscience of the world.
Spread democracy.
Promote peace.
Condemn colonialism.

65. Searching for Banditos
General John J. Pershing with Pancho Villa in 1914.

66. U. S. Global Investments & Investments in Latin America, 1914

67. U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920s

68. What the U. S. Has Fought For