1. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 12 The Choices and Challenges of Childbearing

2. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Childbearing Trends: Who’s Having Babies? Trends Among Teenagers Trends Among Teenagers Trends Among Unmarried Parents Trends Among Unmarried Parents Pregnancy at Different Ages Pregnancy at Different Ages

3. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. How We Reproduce Fertilization Fertilization Sperm penetrates egg and is called a zygoteSperm penetrates egg and is called a zygote Conception Conception Zygote develops into a blastocyst, which implants in endometrium 10-14 days laterZygote develops into a blastocyst, which implants in endometrium 10-14 days later Three Phases of Prenatal Development: Three Phases of Prenatal Development: Germinal periodGerminal period Embryonic periodEmbryonic period Fetal periodFetal period

4. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Infertility When Conception Fails: Infertility When Conception Fails: Infertility Sterility vs. infertilitySterility vs. infertility Women: PID or endometriosisWomen: PID or endometriosis Men: Azoospermia or oligospermiaMen: Azoospermia or oligospermia Treating Infertility Treating Infertility e.g., Artificial insemination (sperm banks)e.g., Artificial insemination (sperm banks) The Psychological Impact of Infertility The Psychological Impact of Infertility Distressing, frustrating, and depressingDistressing, frustrating, and depressing

5. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treating Infertility Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART): Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART): In vitro fertilization (IVF)In vitro fertilization (IVF) Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) SurrogacySurrogacy

6. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Changes Through Pregnancy Inside the Uterus: Inside the Uterus: PlacentaPlacenta Umbilical cordUmbilical cord Amniotic sacAmniotic sac

7. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Fetal Development The Fetus at 0-12 Weeks The Fetus at 0-12 Weeks The Fetus at 13-28 Weeks The Fetus at 13-28 Weeks The Fetus at 29-40 Weeks The Fetus at 29-40 Weeks

8. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Pregnancy Trimesters: The First Trimester (0-12 weeks) Baby Baby Critical period of developmentCritical period of development Concern about exposure to teratogens Concern about exposure to teratogens Mother Mother Presumptive signs of pregnancyPresumptive signs of pregnancy Couple Couple Emotional changes (even if pregnancy is planned)Emotional changes (even if pregnancy is planned)

9. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Pregnancy Trimesters: The Second Trimester (13-26 weeks) Baby Baby QuickeningQuickening LanugoLanugo Mother Mother Steady weight gainSteady weight gain Mask of pregnancyMask of pregnancy Mother lineMother line Couple Couple

10. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Pregnancy Trimesters: The Third Trimester (27-40 weeks) Baby Baby Most rapid fetal growthMost rapid fetal growth Mother Mother DiscomfortDiscomfort Braxton-Hicks contractionsBraxton-Hicks contractions Couple Couple WorryWorry

11. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Labor and Birth Theories to Explain Labor Theories to Explain Labor The Role of Prostaglandins The Role of Prostaglandins

12. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Birth Settings Hospital Birth Hospital Birth Birthing Center Birthing Center Home Births Home Births

13. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Understanding Labor Stage 1: Labor Stage 1: Labor Cervix effaces and it dilatesCervix effaces and it dilates Stage 2: Pushing and Delivery Stage 2: Pushing and Delivery Baby’s head crowns (possible episiotomy)Baby’s head crowns (possible episiotomy) Stage 3: Delivery of the Placenta Stage 3: Delivery of the Placenta The role of breastfeedingThe role of breastfeeding Stage 4: Recovery Stage 4: Recovery Postpartum depressionPostpartum depression

14. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sexual and Relationship Life After Childbirth Sexual Life After Giving Birth Sexual Life After Giving Birth Wait 6 weeksWait 6 weeks lochialochia Relationship Life After Giving Birth Relationship Life After Giving Birth Importance of communicationImportance of communication

15. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Unexpected Outcomes Cesarean Sections Cesarean Sections Nearly one-third of babies born in U.S. this wayNearly one-third of babies born in U.S. this way Medical reasons for C-section:Medical reasons for C-section: Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) Breech presentation Breech presentation Abrupted placenta Abrupted placenta Placenta previa Placenta previa Prolapsed cord Prolapsed cord Maternal disease Maternal disease Fetal distress Fetal distress

16. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Unexpected Outcomes (continued) The Physically Challenged Baby The Physically Challenged Baby Birth defects and anomaliesBirth defects and anomalies Loss and grief cycleLoss and grief cycle Pregnancy Loss Pregnancy Loss Spontaneous abortion/miscarriageSpontaneous abortion/miscarriage Neonatal Death Neonatal Death Stillbirth Stillbirth

17. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Known Causes of Stillbirth

18. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sexual Life Education Concluding Points Concluding Points