1. IA203 Week 5 Paraphrasing

2. Today’s materials are adapted from Stephen Bailey (2007), Academic Writing : A Handbook for International Students - Second Edition, Routledge

3. Ancient Egypt collapsed in about 2180 BC. Studies conducted of the mud from the River Nile showed that at this time the mountainous regions which feed the Nile suffered from a prolonged drought. This would have had a devastating effect on the ability of Egyptian society to feed itself. Can you summarise this in around 20 words? Studies show that a drought in the mountainous regions feeding the Nile led to the collapse of Ancient Egypt in about 2180 BC.

4. Ancient Egypt collapsed in about 2180 BC. Studies conducted of the mud from the River Nile showed that at this time the mountainous regions which feed the Nile suffered from a prolonged drought. This would have had a devastating effect on the ability of Egyptian society to feed itself. Which of these paraphrases is better? A.The sudden ending of Egyptian civilization over 4000 years ago was probably caused by changes in the weather in the region to the south. Without the regular river flooding there would not have been enough food. A.Research into deposits of the Egyptian Nile indicate that a long dry period in the mountains at the river’s source may have led to a lack of water for irrigation around 2180 BC, which was when the collapse of Egyptian society began.

5. Ancient Egypt collapsed in about 2180 BC. Studies conducted of the mud from the River Nile showed that at this time the mountainous regions which feed the Nile suffered from a prolonged drought. This would have had a devastating effect on the ability of Egyptian society to feed itself. Which of these paraphrases is better? A.The sudden ending of Egyptian civilization over 4000 years ago was probably caused by changes in the weather in the region to the south. Without the regular river flooding there would not have been enough food. A.Research into deposits of the Egyptian Nile indicate that a long dry period in the mountains at the river’s source may have led to a lack of water for irrigation around 2180 BC, which was when the collapse of Egyptian society began.

6. Can you find the underlined information from our source text in the paraphrased paragraph? Ancient Egypt collapsed in about 2180 BC. Studies conducted of the mud from the River Nile showed that at this time the mountainous regions which feed the Nile suffered from a prolonged drought. This would have had a devastating effect on the ability of Egyptian society to feed itself. Research into deposits of the Egyptian Nile indicate that a long dry period in the mountains at the river’s source may have led to a lack of water for irrigation around 2180 BC, which was when the collapse of Egyptian society began.

7. Can you find the underlined information from our source text in the paraphrased paragraph? Ancient Egypt collapsed in about 2180 BC. Studies conducted of the mud from the River Nile showed that at this time the mountainous regions which feed the Nile suffered from a prolonged drought. This would have had a devastating effect on the ability of Egyptian society to feed itself. Research into deposits of the Egyptian Nile indicate that a long dry period in the mountains at the river’s source may have led to a lack of water for irrigation around 2180 BC, which was when the collapse of Egyptian society began.

8. USING VOCABULARY TO PARAPHRASE

9. The growth of the car industry parallels the development of modern capitalism. It began in France and Germany, but took off in the United States. There Henry Ford adapted the moving production line from the Chicago meat industry to motor manufacturing, thus inventing mass production. The rise of the 1.____________ industry 2. ____________ the 3. ____________ of 4. ____________ capitalism. It 5. ____________ in France and Germany, but 6. ____________ in the United States. There Henry Ford 7. ____________ the moving 8. ____________ line from the Chicago meat industry to 9. ____________ manufacturing, 10. ____________ inventing mass production. CONTEMPORARYPROGRESSMODIFIED STARTEDACCELERATEDASSEMBLY CARTHEREBYAUTOMOBILE MATCHES

10. KEY The growth of the car industry parallels the development of modern capitalism. It began in France and Germany, but took off in the United States. There Henry Ford adapted the moving production line from the Chicago meat industry to motor manufacturing, thus inventing mass production. The rise of the AUTOMOBILE industry MATCHES the PROGRESS of CONTEMPORARY capitalism. It STARTED in France and Germany, but ACCELERATED in the United States. There Henry Ford MODIFIED the moving ASSEMBLY line from the Chicago meat industry to CAR manufacturing, THEREBY inventing mass production.

11. USING WORD FORM

12. In the 1920s Alfred Sloan’s management theories helped General Motors to become the world’s dominant car company. After the Second World War the industry developed “planned obsolescence”, whereby frequent model changes encouraged customers to buy new cars more often than they needed to. Later, from the 1970s, environmentalists began to criticize the industry for producing inefficient models which used too much fuel, contributing to global warming. In the 1920s, with 1.___________ from the 2. ___________ theories of Alfred Sloan, General Motors 3. ___________ the world’s car companies. After the Second World War, the 4. ___________ of “planned obsolescence” by the industry encouraged customers to buy new cars more often than they needed to by increasing the 5. ___________ of model changes. Later, from the 1970s, environmental 6.___________ of the industry focused on the 7. ___________ of inefficient models which used too much fuel, contributing to global warming.

13. In the 1920s Alfred Sloan’s management theories helped General Motors to become the world’s dominant car company. After the Second World War the industry developed “planned obsolescence”, whereby frequent model changes encouraged customers to buy new cars more often than they needed to. Later, from the 1970s, environmentalists began to criticize the industry for producing inefficient models which used too much fuel, contributing to global warming. KEY In the 1920s, with help from the managerial theories of Alfred Sloan, General Motors dominated the world’s car companies. After the Second World War, the development of “planned obsolescence” by the industry encouraged customers to buy new cars more often than they needed to by increasing the frequency of model changes. Later, from the 1970s, environmental criticism of the industry focused on the production of inefficient models which used too much fuel, contributing to global warming.

14. USING WORD ORDER

15. At this time, trade unions became increasingly militant in defence of their members’ jobs. Today the industry owns some of the strongest brands in the world. However, many major car companies struggle with stagnant markets and falling profits. At this time 1._____________ militant trade unions 2. _____________ their members’ jobs. Some of the strongest brands in the world 3._____________ are owned by the industry. Many major car companies,4. _____________, struggle with falling profits and stagnant markets.

16. At this time, trade unions became increasingly militant in defence of their members’ jobs. Today the industry owns some of the strongest brands in the world. However, many major car companies struggle with stagnant markets and falling profits. KEY At this time increasingly militant trade unions defended their members’ jobs. Some of the strongest brands in the world today are owned by the industry. Many major car companies, however, struggle with falling profits and stagnant markets.