2. Chapter 9 Congress

3. Congress Origins, Structure, and Membership Bicameral Differences Rules of Lawmaking: How a Bill Becomes a Law Budgeting and Oversight

4. Legislative Branch English Legislative Heritage –Parliament The Great Compromise –Bicameral Design Apportionment Congressional Districts –Political Equality –Gerrymandering

5. Constitutional Basis Article I, Section 1 - All legislative powers vested in a Congress… Article I, Section 8 - Powers to… Article I, Section 9 - Be no section Article I, Section 10 - Be no state section Compromise in structure and representation

6. The Electoral Connection Qualifications (25/7 and 30/9 - resident) Factors contribute to the composition of Congress: — who decides to run — the incumbency effect (95-98/83-85%) Terms and Sessions (Jan 3rd - 109th) Term Limits

7. 13-12 Differences between the House and the Senate - filibusters/riders permitted

8. 13-3 The First “Gerrymander”

9. 13-2 Reapportionment of House Seats following the 1990 Census

10. 13-5

11. Sociological Representation? Moderate Growth

12. 13-6

13. The Electoral Connection: Incumbent Winning Percentages

14. Politico Styles Trustee representation –trusted to use own judgement and conscience –social issues Delegate representation –expected to vote constituents desires –economic - “bread and butter issues” Domestic Policy Decisions Foreign Policy Decisions Constant battle to balance

15. What Exactly Do They Do? Continuous Campaign Pork Barrel Politicking Constituent Case Work

16. Constituent Service

17. Internal Influence Reciprocity - log rolling Personal Courtesy - “the honorable gentleman from”, stigmas of personal attacks. Specialization - committee expertise Caucuses are groups of senators or representatives who share certain opinions, interests or social characteristics. +Democratic Study Group +Congressional Black Caucus +Hispanic Caucus +Caucus for Women’s Issues

18. The Organization of Congress Party Leadership The Committee System The Staff System

19. Party Leadership: House Majority Party –Speaker of the House –Majority leader –Majority whip –Committee on Committees -Conference Minority Party –Minority leader –Minority whip –Steering and Policy Committee Congressional leadership is chosen every two years at the beginning of each new congressional session.

20. House Leadership Means of Selection

21. Party Leadership: Senate Formal –President of the Senate Vice president Votes to break ties –President pro tempore ceremonial position given to ranking member of the majority party Informal –Majority leader Whip –Minority leader Whip –Majority Policy Committee –Minority Policy Committee

22. Senate Leadership Means of Selection

23. The Committee System Standing committees (19/16) and their respective subcommittees (88/68) Select committees Joint committees Conference committee

24. Standing Committees Standing committees are the most important arenas of congressional policy making. +Permanent: exist from session to session +Power to receive and process legislation +Exception: House Rules Committee +Jurisdiction specified by subject matter and generally mirrors major cabinet department +Assignment based on needs of members +Leadership based on seniority on the committee

25. 13-10

26. Other Committees Select committees: a temporary legislative committee set up to highlight or investigate a particular issue Joint committees: a legislative committee with members from both chambers formed to study particular issues Conference committee: a joint committee created to reach compromise on legislation passed by both chambers

27. The Staff System Staffs are maintained in Washington, D.C. and back home. –Legislative assistant Work with legislative drafting Develop policy ideas –Administrative assistant Work with lobbyists Work on constituent requests Congressional committees are also provided staffs. Support agencies provide information support. –Congressional Budget Office –General Accounting Office –Congressional Research Service

28. The Growth of Congressional Staffs

29. Rules of Lawmaking: How a Bill Becomes a Law Filing with clerk Committee deliberation Debate Conference committee Presidential action

30. How a Bill Becomes a Law

31. Legislation must be introduced in either the House or the Senate before it officially becomes a bill. Assigned a bill number (H.R. 1 or S. 1) Assigned to the appropriate committee based on jurisdiction of the standing committees

32. Committee Deliberation Most of the work on legislation is conducted at the committee level. 95% of bills die at the committee or subcommittee level. Discharge petition may be used to pull a bill out of committee.

33. House Rules Committee Each bill that survives committee must go through the Rules Committee. Determines the length of debate and the nature of amendments that may be offered to the legislation

34. The Senate’s Unanimous Consent Rule The Senate lacks a Rules Committee. –Executive Calendar (Treaties and Appointments) –Calendar of General Orders The Senate utilizes the unanimous consent rule to permit bills to reach the floor. Any senator can kill a bill by withholding consent

35. Debate Contrary to the House, the Senate permits open and lengthy debate on legislation. A filibuster can be used to “talk a bill to death.” A cloture vote is used to defeat a filibuster: –sixty votes necessary to end filibuster.

36. Conference Committee A conference committee is called when different versions of a bill are passed by the Senate and the House and a compromise is needed. Members of the committee that worked on the legislation serve on the committee. Compromise must be approved by both the House and the Senate.

37. Presidential Action The president may +sign the bill into law; +allow the bill to become law without his signature; +veto (reject) the bill with a formal veto message +override by two-thirds vote of both chambers; +Pocket veto.

38. 13-15 Budget Process

39. Beyond Legislation: Other Congressional Powers Oversight Advice and Consent Impeachment

40. Oversight Oversight is the effort by Congress, through hearings, investigations, and other techniques, to exercise control over the activities of the executive agencies while legislation is being implemented. The appropriations process is an important oversight tool.

41. Advice and Consent The Senate must approve presidential appointments by a simple majority. Treaties must be approved by the Senate with a two-thirds vote. –Executive agreements circumvent this process. –Congress can refused to appropriate funding.

42. Impeachment The president and other high-ranking officials may be removed from office by through impeachment by the House and conviction in the Senate. Grounds include treason, bribery, and other high crimes and misdemeanors.