1. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT COLLEGE OF PUBLIC AND COMMUNITY SERVICE UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AT BOSTON ©2011 WILLIAM HOLMES EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT: PART 1 1

2. NEEDS AND PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2 Physical needs Psychological needs Social interaction needs Community needs

3. SOCIAL INTERACTION AND DEVELOPMENT 3 Emotional security Role modeling Imitation Reciprocity Experimentation Multi-generation support and interaction

4. ATTACHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 4 Social Psychological and Physical closeness to nurturing figure Defense against strange situations Separation meaning and anxiety Basis for developing autonomy Basis for ongoing relationships

5. ATTACHMENT AND TEMPERMENT 5 Absence has consequences Securely attached/autonomous Avoidantly attached/dismissive Ambivalent attached/preoccupied Disorganized attached/confused

6. TEMPERAMENT AND DEVELOPMENT Temperament/setting fit affects personality and adjustment Temperament affects responses to interaction Temperament affects perceptions of environment Temperament interacts with environment Temperament interacts with biology Temperament affected by sensitive responsiveness of caretaker (substitute attachment) 6

7. BASIC EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT: 1 Anger Sadness Fear Enjoyment Contentment 7

8. BASIC EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT: 2 Love Surprise Discomfort Shame 8

9. EMOTIONS AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Emotions become more diverse Emotions become more complex Emotions provide basis of personality Emotions provide basis of identity 9

10. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Body and muscle growth continuous at a decreasing rate Brain synaptic connection growth continues Brain functioning efficiency increases Digestive and endocrine system complexity increases Exceptions for head, hair, fingernails, teeth 10

11. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN EARLY CHILDHOOD Brain difference few and minor Sexual characteristics determined by multiple genes and how they are expressed Interests and attitudes vary, the causes of which are unclear Experience and environment affects brain development as well as genes 11

12. INFLUENCES ON PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Genes Nutrition Disease Psychological disturbance Socioeconomic status Secular trends 12

13. MOTOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT Gross motor skills Fine motor skills Motor visual coordination Artistic Sporting Hobbies 13

14. THREE R’s OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION Relationships-parents, siblings, peers Resilience-coping with challenges Readiness-health, education, schools 14

15. HEAD START AND DEVELOPMENT: 1 Education Health Social Behavior Socioeconomics 15

16. HEAD START AND DEVELOPMENT: 2 Language Rules Interaction Mutual Support 16