1. CMPLDW
November 2011

2. Phase 1

3. WECC Composite Load Model (CMPLDW)
12.5-kV
13.8-kV M
69-kV
115-kV
138-kV M AC
UVLS
Electronic
UFLS
Static

4. Composite Load Model Structure
Composite load model structure is implemented in General Electric’s PSLF, Siemens PTI PSS®E, Power World Simulator
Similar model exists in PowerTech’s TSAT
TSS approved Composite Load Model Structure

5. Composite Load Model Data
Load Component
Model
Data
Distribution Equivalent Data M M
115-kV
230-kV M
Load Model
Composition
Data M
UVLS and UFLS Data
Electronic
Static

6. Process

7. Utilities, SRWG MVWG WECC Staff Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Populate load LID in WECC base case
Provide bus-specific load composition, if desired, to over-ride defaults
Utilities,
SRWG
Maintain load composition seasonal defaults for 12 climate zones and 4 feeder types + industrial loads
Maintain dynamic motor model data
MVWG
Create records with default load composition
Update load composition records
Create CMPLDW dynamic model records
WECC
Staff

8. Load Composition Data

9. CMPLDW Long ID
“Long ID” field in PSLF program is used to identify the load climate zone and substation type
The LID consists of 7 characters.
For commercial, residential, and rural loads, the LID code is a combination of the Climate Zone and Feeder Type: <3-character climate zone>_<3-character load class>
A load in downtown Phoenix with high concentration of commercial loads would be identified as "DSW_COM"
Rural agricultural load in Moses Lake, WA would be identified as "NWI_RAG"
For industrial loads, the LID code will be one of the Industrial Load IDs, which starts with “IND_”.  
For power plant auxiliary loads, the LID code will be “PPA_AUX”.

10. WECC Climate Areas ID Climate Zone Representative City NWC
Northwest Coast
Seattle, Vancouver BC
NWV
Northwest Valley
Portland OR
NWI
Northwest Inland
Boise, Tri-Cities, Spokane
RMN
Rocky Mountain North
Calgary, Montana, Wyoming
NCC
Northern California Coast
Bay Area
NCV
Northern California Valley
Sacramento
NCI
Northern California Inland
Fresno
SCC
Southern California Coast
LA, San Diego
SCV
Southern California Valley
SCI
Southern California Inland
DSW
Desert Southwest
Phoenix, Riverside, Las Vegas
HID
High Desert
Salt Lake City, Albuquerque, Denver, Reno

11. LID Regions NWC – Northwest coast NWV – Northwest valley
NWI – Northwest inland
RMN – Rocky mountain
NCC – N. Calif. coast
NCV – N. Calif. valley
HID – High desert
SCC – S. Calif. coast
SCV – S. Calif. valley
DSW – Desert southwest
NWC`
RMN
NWI
NWV
NCC
HID
NCV
SCV
SCC
DSW

12. Substation / Feeder TypesID
Feeder Type
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Agricultural
RES
70 to 85%
15 to 30% 0%
COM
10 to 20%
80 to 90%
MIX
Mixed
40 to 60%
0 to 20%
RAG
Rural Agricultural
40%
30%
10%
20%
Percentage is energy, not customer count

13. Load Composition Model
David Chassin at PNNL led the development of load composition data
Detailed models of various building types
Residential loads are modeled using ELCAP data and DOE-2 models
Commercial loads are taken from CEUS
WECC developed mapping from end-uses to models

16. Load Class
Model Components

17. WECC Load Composition Model (Light)

18. Load Composition Model (LCM)
Currently load composition is “estimated” for five conditions
“Normal” 1 in 2 summer
“Peak” summer
“Cool” summer
Shoulder (spring/fall)
“Normal” winter
A default data file is produced for the Load Model Data Tool (LMDT)

19. LCM Load Shape Validation (New)
Several utilities (PSE, SRP, PG&E, BPA) provided historic load shapes, temperatures, and substation information to PNNL for model validation
David Chassin has calibrated LCM, this work will continue, improvement is very desirable

20. Future work
Better understanding of “electrification” by regions, and ultimately by substations
Validation of building models
Right now commercial data is extrapolated from California CEUS, and residential data is used from ELCAP
Validation of load shapes at substation level:
Use customer mix data and models to produce load shapes
Validate the load shapes using SCADA data (5-min and 1–hour are available from utilities)

21. Future work
PNNL will develop the “next generation” LCM that will combine the ease of interface of light model with the computational capabilities of the full model, including the capabilities of validating the load shapes
Need to discuss on how to integrate with BCCS

22. Motor Data

23. Commercial Compressor Motor

24. Commercial Fan and Pump Motors

25. Commercial Fan and Pump Motors

26. Protection Industrial compressors: Industrial fans and pumps
Trip and lock-out - half at 75%, half at 65%, 3 to 5 cycles
Industrial fans and pumps
Trip and lock-out - half at 75%, half at 65%, 3 to 5 cycles
Commercial compressors
Trip and lock-out: 20% of motors, trip < 60% 2 cycles
Trip and reclose: remaining, trip < 50% 2 cycles , reclose > 60% for 0.2 sec
Fans and pumps

27. Protection

28. Industrial Loads

29. Industrial Load LIDs ID Feeder Type IND_PCH Petro-Chemical Plant
IND_PMK
Paper Mill – Kraft process
IND_PMT
Paper Mill – Thermo-mechanical process
IND_ASM
Aluminum Smelter
IND_SML
Steel Mill
IND_MIN
Mining operation
IND_SCD
Semiconductor Plant
IND_SRF
Server Farm
IND_OTH
Industrial – Other

30. Industrial Load Models

31. Tools for Load Model Data Management

32. WECC Composite Load Model
cmpldw "CANYON " "1 " : #1 mva= "Bss" 0 "Rfdr" "Xfdr" 0.04 "Fb" 0.749/
"Xxf" 0.08 "TfixHS" 1 "TfixLS" 1 "LTC" 1 "Tmin" "Tmax" 1.1 "step" /
"Vmin" "Vmax" 1.04 "Tdel" 30 "Ttap" 5 "Rcomp" 0 "Xcomp" 0 /
"Fma" "Fmb" "Fmc" "Fmd" "Fel" /
"PFel" 1 "Vd1" 0.75 "Vd2" 0.65 "Frcel" 0.35 /
"Pfs" "P1e" 2 "P1c" "P2e" 1 "P2c" "Pfreq" 0 /
"Q1e" 2 "Q1c" -0.5 "Q2e" 1 "Q2c" "Qfreq" -1 /
"MtpA" 3 "MtpB" 3 "MtpC" 3 "MtpD" 1 /
"LfmA" 0.75 "RsA" 0.04 "LsA" 1.8 "LpA" 0.12 "LppA" /
"TpoA" "TppoA" "HA" "etrqA" 0 /
"Vtr1A" 0.7 "Ttr1A" "Ftr1A" 0.2 "Vrc1A" 1 "Trc1A" 9999 /
"Vtr2A" 0.55 "Ttr2A" "Ftr2A" 0.75 "Vrc2A" 0.65 "Trc2A" 0.1 /
"LfmB" 0.75 "RsB" 0.03 "LsB" 1.8 "LpB" 0.19 "LppB" /
"TpoB" 0.2 "TppoB" "HB" "etrqB" 2 /
"Vtr1B" 0.65 "Ttr1B" "Ftr1B" 0.1 "Vrc1B" 1 "Trc1B" 9999 /
"Vtr2B" 0.6 "Ttr2B" "Ftr2B" 0.1 "Vrc2B" 1 "Trc2B" /
"LfmC" 0.75 "RsC" 0.03 "LsC" 1.8 "LpC" 0.19 "LppC" /
"TpoC" 0.2 "TppoC" "HC" "etrqc" 2 /
"Vtr1C" 0.65 "Ttr1C" 0.05 "Ftr1C" 0.1 "Vrc1C" 1 "Trc1C" 9999 /
"Vtr2C" 0.6 "Ttr2C" 0.03 "Ftr2C" 0.1 "Vrc2C" 1 "Trc2C" /
"LfmD" 1 "CompPF" 0.98 /
"Vstall" 0.54 "Rstall" 0.1 "Xstall" 0.1 "Tstall" "Frst" 0.14 "Vrst" 0.95 "Trst" 0.3 /
"fuvr" 0.1 "vtr1" 0.6 "ttr1" 0.02 "vtr2" 0.9 "ttr2" 5 /
"Vc1off" 0.5 "Vc2off" 0.6 "Vc1on" 0.4 "Vc2on" 0.5 /
"Tth" 15 "Th1t" 0.7 "Th2t" 1.9 "tv" 0.025

33. LMDT 3A Powerflow case (done by SRWG)
Climate zone and load type are identified in “Long_ID” column of “load” table in PSLF
E.g. DSW_RES = Desert Southwest, predominantly residential loads
EPCL Programs (done by WECC Staff)
Default data sets for each climate zone and feeder type
Ability to over-ride defaults with specific information
Creates composite load model records for PSLF
PTI PSS®E Users
Convert from PSLF models
IPLAN tolls may be available ?
Load models will be distributed by WECC staff with study cases
LMDT 3A is posted on WECC web-site, including user’s manual

34. Current State

35. Conclusions
WECC Composite load model is implemented in GE PSLF, Siemens PTI PSS®E, Power World, Power Tech TSAT
Tools are developed for load model data management
Default sets are developed:
12 climate zones in WECC,
four types of feeders
Summer, winter and shoulder conditions

36. Conclusions TSS and PCC approved the implementation plant
SRWG is populating LIDs for 2012 Heavy Summer case
Instructions are developed
Two webinars are conducted
WECC members will conduct the system impact studies using 2012 Heavy Summer and Light Summer operating cases

37. Phase 2 – Not Only Load Model

38. FIDVR
Composite load model is capable of reproducing the FIDVR phenomenon
Composite load model can be tuned with reasonable data sets to match the historic events
MVWG at this point is not comfortable recommending using CMPLDW for FIDVR studies for compliance purposes
There is a concern that the FIDVR modeling can result in over- investment or unnecessary operational restrictions

39. FIDVR Modeling – Air-Conditioners
SCE, BPA, EPRI tested a number of units, understand how an ac unit behaves when subjected to disturbances
EMTP-level models are developed
AHRI input through the DOE project was very valuable
The stall phenomenon is point-on-wave dependent
Need better understanding of what voltages are seen by air- conditioners in a distribution network during a fault
Therefore, PSCAD studies are planned under the DOE project
Disturbance collection by SCE and CNP are very valuable

40. FIDVR Modeling – Load Protection
John Kueck prepared a report for WECC on motor protection
Very informative, but show the complexity of the issue
Planned activities include:
Surveys and meetings with electrical contractors to better understand the protection practices
Develop the “best practices” by balancing the grid requirements with the equipment protection needs
Industry outreach on “best practices”
Testing contactors at BPA lab
Incorporate load protection information in the Load Composition Model

41. FIDVR Modeling – Load Composition
PNNL will work with WECC on the development of the next version of the Load Composition Model that retains key features of the complex model and has simplicity of the “light” model.
WECC LMTF will contact building operators – retailers, groceries, office, malls, restaurants and data centers – to get better information on (a) load shapes and load composition, (b) typical electrical end-uses and their size, and (c) protection and process controls used in the electrical equipment
PNNL will work with WECC utilities on validating the load shapes using historic data for various regions within the West

42. FIDVR Modeling – Unbalanced Faults
Issue
NERC TPL Standards require studying of delayed clearing faults as 1-phase faults
Existing positive sequence programs do not represent the AC stall in a single phase or the AC stall spreading
PSCAD studies are expected to provide an insight in AC behavior during unbalanced faults, modeling recommendations will follow

43. FIDVR Modeling – Power Plant Ride Through
Current State
PSLF program has “lhvrt” and “lhfrt” models to represent generator ride-through protection.
PSLF has “gp1” model of a typical protection package of a synchronous generator
Next Steps
Utilities can work with power plant operators to evaluate their plant ride-through capabilities to populate “lhvrt” records.
WECC MVWG will perform review of “gp1” model in GE PSLF
Utilities can conduct meeting with power plant operators to determine a set of “typical” protection data
Power plants, HVDC, and SVS can trip or experience an unexpected power reduction because of many reasons – e.g. station service problems during a fault, FIDVR or power swing. It is not practical to have mathematical models for these conditions, and the best approach is to perform sensitivity analysis for Category D type events

44. FIDVR Modeling – Reactive Limits
Next Steps
Review the excitation system models and to reduce the set of active models
Develop and implement new Over-Excitation Limiter (OEL) models in GE PSLF
Develop and implement Under-Excitation Limiter (UEL) models in GE PSLF
Review whether reactive power limits are adequately represented in the generic wind turbine models

45. FIDVR Modeling – Shunt Capacitors
Current State
GE PSLF program has “msc1” model for switching mechanically switched capacitors. The model has two definite-time on and off settings.
Next Steps
Develop epcls to convert “svd” data to “shunt” records in PSLF
WECC utilities need to provide data for “msc1” model.
GE PSLF program needs to expand the model to mechanically-switched shunt reactors

46. FIDVR Modeling – Line Relaying
Current State
GE PSLF program currently has several models for various types of line protection, including a “default” model “zlinw”
Next Steps
???

47. Conclusion Phase 2 may take several years to complete
Planners are encouraged to do sensitivity studies with air-conditioner stalling enabled to test the robustness of proposed grid reinforcements