1. Child Development Laura E. Berk
Social Emotional Development
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2. Emotions Rapid appraisal of personal significance of situations
Energize behavior;
prepare for action
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3. Functions of Emotions Effects on: Cognition
Lead to learning essential for survival
Can impair learning
Social
Affect behavior of others
Regulate own behavior
Health
Influence well-being, growth,
Stress related to diseases
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4. First Appearance of Basic Emotions
Happiness
Smile – from birth
Social smile – 6 to 10 weeks
Laugh – 3–4 months
Anger
General distress – from birth
Anger – 4–6 months
Sadness
Less common than anger
Often a response to a disruption in caregiver-infant communication
Fear
First fears – 6–12 months
Stranger Anxiety – 8–12 months
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5. Self-Conscious Emotions
Shame
Embarrassment
Guilt
Envy
Pride
Emerge middle of second year
Need adult instruction about when to feel them
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6. Development of Emotional Self-Regulation
Infancy
Develops over 1st year, with brain development
Caregivers important
Early Childhood
Learn strategies for self-regulation
Personality affects ability
Fears common
Middle Childhood/ Adolescence
Rapid gains
Fears shaped by culture
Coping skills lead to emotional self-efficacy
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7. Common Early Childhood Fears
Monsters
Ghosts
Darkness
Preschool/child care
Animals
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8. Coping Strategies Problem-Centered Coping Emotion-Centered Coping
Used when situation is seen as changeable
Identify the difficulty
Decide what to do about it
Emotion-Centered Coping
Used if problem-centered coping does not work.
Situation is seen as unchangeable
Internal private control of distress
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9. Cognitive Development and Emotional Understanding
As children age, they judge causes of emotions better
Balance external and internal factors
Recognize thinking & feeling are connected
Consider conflicting cues
Appreciate mixed emotions
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10. Sympathy and Empathy Sympathy Empathy
Feeling of concern or sorrow for another’s plight
Empathy
Feeling same or similar emotions as another person
Complex mix of cognition and emotion
Must detect emotions, take other’s perspective
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11. Development of Empathy
Newborns sense other babies’ distress
Requires self-awareness
Increases over school years
Adolescence: can empathize with general life conditions
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12. Shy and Social Temperaments
Uninhibited, Sociable
React positively, approach new stimuli
Low heart rates, stress hormones, and stress symptoms
Higher left hemisphere frontal cortex activity
Inhibited, Shy
React negatively, withdraw from new stimuli
High heart rates, stress hormones & stress symptoms
Higher right hemisphere frontal cortex activity
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13. Types of Attachment Secure – 60% Avoidant – 15% Resistant – 10%
Disorganized/
disoriented – 15%
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14. Perspectives on Moral Development
Biological
Evolutionary, genetic heritage
Brain areas
Psychoanalytic
Freud: superego and guilt
Today: induction, empathy-based guilt
Social Learning
Modeling moral behavior
Behaviorist
Rewards and Punishment
Cognitive-Developmental
Children as active thinkers about social rules
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15. Inductive Discipline Helps child notice others’ feelings
Point out effects of misbehavior on others
Note other’s distress
Make clear the child caused the distress
Empathy-based guilt
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16. Positive Discipline Build mutually respectful bond
Let child know how to act
Ahead of time
Praise mature
behavior
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17. Civic Responsibility Knowledge Feelings Skills Of political issues
Of attachment
to community
Skills
For achieving
civic goals
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18. Moral Imperatives and Social Conventions
Customs such as table manners or dress styles
Peers seldom react to violations of social convention
Adults explain less, demand obedience
Moral Imperatives
Protect people’s rights and welfare
Victims and other children react strongly to moral offences
Adults explain rights and feelings of victims
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19. Making Moral Distinctions
Social Conventions
Conventions with vs. without clear purpose
Consider intentions and context of violations
Moral Imperatives
Personal Matters
Recognizes areas of personal choice, relate to moral rules
Recognize limits on choice
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20. Development of Distributive Justice
Equality: 5 – 6 years
Merit: 6 – 7 years
Benevolence: around 8 years
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21. Self-Control Compliance emerges at 12-18 months
Tested through delay of gratification
Improves through childhood and adolescence
Learn cognitive strategies
Develop moral self-regulation
Individual differences:
Temperament
Parenting
Hot vs. cool systems
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22. Types of Aggression Instrumental Hostile
Meant to help the child get something he or she wants
Hostile
Meant to hurt someone else
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23. Types of Hostile Aggression
How the Harm is Caused
Direct or Indirect?
Physical
Physical injury
Either
Verbal
Threats of physical aggression
Name-calling
Teasing
Always direct
Relational
Damage to peer relationships
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24. Trends in Boys’ Physical Aggression
Figure 12.7 Longitudinal trends in boys’ physical aggression from 6 to 15 years of age.
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25. Sources of Aggression Family Social-Cognitive Deficits & Distortions
Coercive interaction patterns
Social-Cognitive Deficits & Distortions
See world as hostile
Believe aggression works
Overly high self-esteem
Community
Culture
Ethnic, political conflicts
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.
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26. Family Patterns and Aggression
Figure Coercive interaction pattern that promotes and sustains aggression between family members.
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27. Two Routes to Adolescent Delinquency
Early-Onset – behavior begins in middle childhood
Biological risk factors and child-rearing practices combine
Late-Onset – behavior begins around puberty
Peer influences
Figure Path to chronic delinquency for adolescents with childhood-onset antisocial behavior.
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28. Helping Control Aggression
Coaching
Modeling
Reinforcing alternative behaviors
Social-cognitive interventions
Comprehensive approaches
EQUIP
Multisystemic therapy
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