3. Indo-European Migrations: 4m- 2m BCE The Middle East: “The Crossroads of Three Continents”

4. The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization”

5. Sumerians

6. Sumerian Religion - Polytheistic Enki Innana Anthropomorphic Gods

7. Mesopotamian Trade “The Cuneiform World”

8. Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing

9. Cuneiform Writing

10. Deciphering Cuneiform

11. Sumerian Scribes “Tablet House”

12. Sumerian Cylinder Seals

13. Gilgamesh

14. Gilgamesh Epic Tablet: Flood Story

15. Ziggurat at Ur  Temple  “Mountain of the Gods”  Temple  “Mountain of the Gods”

16. The Royal Standard of Ur

17. Mesopotamian Harp

18. Board Game From Ur

19. Sophisticated Metallurgy Skills at Ur

20. Sargon of Akkad: The World’s First Empire [Akkadians]

21. The Babylonian Empires

22. Hammurabi’s [r. 1792-1750 B. C. E.] Code

23. Hammurabi, the Judge

24. Babylonian Math

25. Babylonian Numbers

27. A View of Egypt by Satellite

28. The Fertile Nile Valley

29. The Annual Flooding of the Nile

30. Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf

31. Ancient Egyptian History PeriodsTime Frame Nile Culture Begins3900 B. C. E. Archaic3100 – 2650 B. C. E. Old Kingdom2650 – 2134 B. C. E. Middle Kingdom2040 – 1640 B. C. E. New Kingdom1550 – 1070 B. C. E. Late Period750 – 332 B. C. E. Greek Ptolemaic Era 332 – 30 B. C. E. Roman Period30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.

32. Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt c. 3050 B. C. E. ?

33. Ancient Egyptian Housing Middle Class Homes Peasant Homes

34. Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life

35. Making Ancient Egyptian Beer

36. Making Ancient Egyptian Wine

37. An Egyptian Woman’s “Must- Haves” Perfume Whigs Mirror

38. Egyptian Social Hierarchy

39. Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs Thutmose III 1504-1450 B. C. E. Ramses II 1279-1212 B. C. E. Tutankham on 1336-1327 B. C. E.

40. Egyptian Nobility

41. Egyptian Priestly Class

42. Egyptian Scribe

43. Papyrus  Paper Papyrus Plant Hieratic Scroll Piece

44. Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship 110100100010,000100,0001,000,000 What number is this?

45. Champollion & the Rosetta Stone The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle portion Demotic script, and the lowest Ancient GreekAncient EgyptianhieroglyphsDemoticAncient Greek

46. Hieroglyphic “Cartouche”

47. Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols

48. Egyptian Creation Myth The Goddess Nut

49. Egyptian Gods & Goddesses: “The Sacred ‘Trinity’” Osiris Isis Horus

50. Preparations for the Underworld Priests protected your KA, or soul- spirit ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

51. Materials Used in Mummification 1. Linen 6. Natron 2. Sawdust 7. Onion 3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud 4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads 5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

52. Preparation for the Afterlife

53. Egyptian Mummies Seti I 1291-1278 B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210-1200 B. C. E. Ramses II 1279-1212 B. C. E.

54. Journey to the Underworld A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb. The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”

55. Egyptian Book of the Dead

56. The Final Judgement Anubis Horus Osiris

57. Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife

58. Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

59. “Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu

60. Giza Pyramid Complex

61. Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

62. The Valley of the Kings

63. Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

64. Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb

65. King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask 1336-1327 B. C. E.

66. King Tutankhamon

67. King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

68. Treasures From Tut’s Tomb

69. The Valley of the Queens Temple of Queen Hatshepsut 1473-1458 B. C. E.

70. Ankhenaton: First Monotheist? 1352-1336 B. C. E.

71. The Ankh – The “Cross” of Life

72. Queen Nefertiti

73. Abu Simbel: Monument to Ramses II 1279-1213 B. C. E.

74. Who Are These Strange People?

75. Routes of the “Sea Peoples” The end of the Bronze Age!

76. Indus Civilization Developed between 3000- 2500 BCEDeveloped between 3000- 2500 BCE Two largest cities were Harappa and Mohenjo DaroTwo largest cities were Harappa and Mohenjo Daro –Well planned cities Running water, sewers, and brick buildingsRunning water, sewers, and brick buildings Grid patternGrid pattern Pictographic writing (still undeciphered)Pictographic writing (still undeciphered) –Has 400 symbols Clear social classesClear social classes –Different types of houses: wealthy 2-3 stories, common people one room

77. Economics Advanced AgricultureAdvanced Agriculture –Wheat, rye, peas, rice (maybe) –Domesticated animals: chickens, cattle, goats, sheep –Abundant crops led to job specialization in cities (like E&M) Craftsmen less skilled than Mesopotamia (stone arrows, poor spears)Craftsmen less skilled than Mesopotamia (stone arrows, poor spears) Harappa and Mohenjo-DaroHarappa and Mohenjo-Daro –Connected by villages –Major trading centers with China, SE Asia, Southern India, and Mesopotamia Jade and jewels from SE Asia and ChinaJade and jewels from SE Asia and China Wheeled carts for transportationWheeled carts for transportation Mesopotamia for olive oil, wool, and leatherMesopotamia for olive oil, wool, and leather Persia for gold, silver, and copperPersia for gold, silver, and copper

78. End of Indus By 1500 BCE civilization had declined (unsure as to why: drought, earthquakes changed course of river, overuse of land, disease…)By 1500 BCE civilization had declined (unsure as to why: drought, earthquakes changed course of river, overuse of land, disease…) 1500 BCE a Indo-European group, the Aryans, overtook India1500 BCE a Indo-European group, the Aryans, overtook India –Culture of Aryans blended with the Indians Sanskrit; literary language of IndiaSanskrit; literary language of India Vedas became major books of HinduismVedas became major books of Hinduism Placed native Indians into inferior classPlaced native Indians into inferior class –People divided into 4 Varnas and each Varna into sub-classes called Jati –At the bottom were the Pariahs or Untouchables Scholars and priests Rulers and warriors Professionals Servants Pariah s