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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04 Welcome to CVA Fall 2004
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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04 Introduction Syllabus Schedule
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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04 Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy What is it? –Vertebrate Descriptive Morphology –Vertebrate Functional Morphology Ontogenetic change Phylogenetic change
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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04 It incorporates: Genetics –mechanisms of heredity –effects on variation –control of development Embryology (study of development) Molecular Biology Biochem Physiology: form and function at many levels
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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04 Paleontology –Historical record of past anatomy –How many species have existed on Earth? –How many are extinct? Ecology –Interactions between species and their environment Physics? (Handout)
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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04 Area of coverage Kingdom Animalia –Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata (=Tunicata) –Sea squirts, larvaceans, thaliaceans Subphylum Cephalochordata – Amphioxus (lancelet) Subphylum Craniata (=Vertebrata of Haeckel) –Hagfish (Mixini) –Vertebrata
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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04 Protostome Invertebrates Crinoids, Sea stars, etc Pterobranchia Enteropneusta (Acorn worms) Tunicates (Tunicata) Amphioxus (Cephalochordata) Craniates Deuterostomata Pharyngotremata ChordataHemichordata Echinodermata Somitichordata
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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04 Protostome inverts Deuterostome inverts
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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04
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Hemichordata ( incertae sedis ) (=Enteropneusta) Pterobranch Acorn Worm
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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04 Acorn worm ( Sarcoglossa )
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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04 Pharyngeal (“gill”) slits Opening from the gill chamber –Can include associated tissues P. pouch – outpocketing of the gut P. arch – tissues lying between P. slits
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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04 Urochordata (=Tunicata) Corella parallelograma Notochord – cordlike skeleton of the back
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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04
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Ascidian tunicate
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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04 P. Chordata, Sp. Cephalochordata Amphioxus Somites – rectangular shaped pairs of mesoderm on sides of notochord – gives rise to axial skeleton, muscles and dermis
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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04 Sp. Craniata
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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04 Some Concept Review Ideas of Darwin and Wallace Evolutionary Developmental Concepts –Ontogeny: the history of an individual from initiation of cell division to death –Phylogeny: the evolutionary history of independent lineages or species
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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04 “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” Ernst Haeckel (1834- 1919) German anatomist Embryonic stages of an animal reflect its evolutionary history 1874
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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04 Better explained by: –Von Baer’s “Law” (1828): General (primitive) features develop earlier in ontogeny than do special features (derived) that distinguish groups –Biogenetic “Law”: features that develop earliest in ontogeny are the oldest phylogenetically and features developing later in ontogeny are of more recent phylogenetic origin
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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04 A few notes on Patterns and Process in Evolution Homology: Analogy: Homoplasy:
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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04 Cladistic Classification / Phylogenetic systematics The science of evolutionary grouping based on shared derived characteristics The naming of organisms based on these groups –Plesiomorphy: –Synapomorphy: –Autapomorphy: –Monophyly: –Paraphyly: –Polyphyly:
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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04 ABCNM Cladogram Branch Node Internode Root OTU Ingroup Outgroup Autapomorphy Plesiomorphy Synapomorphy
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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04 Next Time… Characters that define the Vertebrates
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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy – Bloomsburg University Fall 04
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