1. Account for the development of cultural differences in a continental /sub continental region of your choice that you have studied.

2. Aspect of culture named: 2m Aspect of culture named: 2m Two differences named and implied: 2m + 2m Two differences named and implied: 2m + 2m Naming the region: 2m Naming the region: 2m Discussion: 11 SRPs @ 2m each Discussion: 11 SRPs @ 2m each

3. Kashmir is a distinctive cultural region based on religious difference. In 1947, the Indian sub continental became independent from British colonial administration. The sub continent began to divide into different countries such as India and Pakistan, which was done due to religious differences. The region of Kashmir lies on the border of India and Pakistan. This region began to develop cultural tensions based on religious differences between the two main religious groups, the Hindu and Islamic population. 75% of the population is made up of the Islamic population who sought the support of Pakistan. The remainder of the population, made up of Hindus, wanted to seek the support of India. The conflict that developed over time developed led to a civil conflict within the region. A ceasefire had to be put in place in the area as the UN was forced to intervene. A line of control was developed in which two different zones of administration was put into place, the south being controlled by India and the North being controlled by Pakistan.

4. The conflict that existed had a negative impact on the people living in the region. The cultural divisions, that exist based on the religious divide has increased over time and as a result the country is divided under strict religious lines. In the north, as mentioned above, the majority of the population is Muslim and in the south the majority are Hindus. Tensions between both groups has historically been high but with the introduction of the new boundary this has been exaggerated to new levels by the struggle for control by both administrating groups. The area is viewed as an area of political and economic importance by both Pakistan and India. Pakistan in particular is extremely worried about India’s control of the River Indus. This is due to the fact that water is a key resource in this area. This region remains a highly volatile area especially with the development of both India and Pakistan nuclear capacity.

5. Describe and explain the importance of culture in defining regions in a continental/ sub continental region you have studied. Describe and explain the importance of culture in defining regions in a continental/ sub continental region you have studied. Aspect of culture: 2m Aspect of culture: 2m Region named: 2m Region named: 2m Examination: 13 SRPs @ 2m each Examination: 13 SRPs @ 2m each

6. India is a sub continental region with a population of over one billion and an annual population growth of 1.3%. It is the seventh largest country in the world but the second largest in relation to population, with a density of 386 persons per square kilometre. It has been an independent state since 1947, the main cultural diversity being related to the migration by Indo- European settlers, the spread of Islam through the trading routes and migration and British colonialism. India has 18 official languages and up to 1,600 minor languages and dialects. The official language is Hindi and is spoken by over 41% of the population. English is the most important language for commercial, political and business purposes. It is also spoken by the educated and business class within the region. Since its independence in 1947 the language divisions in the country have led to conflict and disunity as language is considered a strong cultural expression.

7. The dominant religion in India is Hinduism which was brought to India from migrants from South East Asia and South and West Africa. It is based on a multi layered social structure (caste system), in which the top layer includes priests and professionals while the bottom layer comprises of the ‘unclean’ and ‘untouchables’. Layers are hereditary so movement is impossible. Minority religions in India also include Buddhism, Islam, Sikhism and Christianity. Buddhism is mainly practised in the south and the North East of India. During the tenth century Islam was introduced and there are an estimated 200 million Muslims in India, the greatest concentration of these are located in the Northern states. The spread of Islam is associated with the establishment of trade routes and migration from the Arabian region. There is no caste system, with all members being equal. Sikhism is a mix between Hinduism and Islam and is popular in the Punjab region in the North West. Christianity was introduced during colonial times; it is a small number and has no specific geographical distribution. After independence in 1947, the Indian sub continent began to spilt on religious grounds and two states were created: India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Islamic). Drwing up of the boundaries was difficult and many minorities were left in each country. This led to dreadful violence and the emigration of up to 15million people.