1. Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT TE-1) Staff Planning Workshop MNF / CTF Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief Operations Overview

2. What is Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT) ?
A cadre of military planners from nations in the Asia-Pacific region capable of rapidly augmenting a multinational force (MNF) headquarters established to plan and execute coalition operations in response to small scale contingencies (SSC).
THE MPAT INITIATIVE IS BEST SUMMARIZED AS AN EFFORT TO INCREASE MNF OPERATIONAL LEVEL HEADQUARTERS STAFF CAPABILITY, ESPECIALLY THE PLANNERS. THE GOAL IS TO IMPROVE RESPONSE CAPABILITY OF THESE HEADQUARTERS DURING INITIAL DAYS OF A CRISIS.
THE VISION IS TO ORGANIZE A CADRE OF STAFF OFFICERS FROM THROUGHOUT THE REGION WHO CAN BE CALLED UPON, PARTICULARLY DURING AN INITIAL CRISIS RESPONSE, TO DEPLOY TO AND AUGMENT A MULTINATIONAL FORCE HEADQUARTERS STAFF. MPAT WILL PROVIDE THESE OFFICERS PERIODIC OPPORTUNITIES TO GATHER, TRAIN EACHOTHER, DEVELOP HABITUAL RELATIONSHIPS, LEARN COMMON STAFF PLANNING PROCEDURES AND DOCTRINE.
SIMILAR TO THE POL-MIL PROCESS USED TO REQUEST TROOP CONTRIBUTING NATION SUPPORT, A MULTINATIONAL FORCE LEAD NATION OR THE UN COULD IN THE FUTURE REQUEST NATIONS TO PROVIDE MPAT PERSONNEL TO PROVIDE MANNING FOR THE STAFF OF MNF HEADQUARTERS. “PREPAREDNESS” AT THE OPERATIONAL PLANNING LEVEL IS AT THE HEART OF THE MPAT INITIATIVE.

3. CTF Forming Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT)
Civil Affairs,SJA,
Medical, Engineer
Etc.
MPAT
Personnel/J1
Intel/J2
Ops/J3
Log/J4
Plans/J5
Comms/J6
MNF/CTF Operational Headquarters Staff Organization
MPAT PROVIDES AUGMENTEES TAILORED TO THE NEEDS OF THE MISSION TO ROUND OUT THE CTF HEADQUARTERS.
SPECIAL AREAS SUCH AS PSYOPS, CIVIL AFFAIRS, SJA, POL MIL AND OTHER UNIQUE FUNCTIONS ARE BROUGHT BY THE MPAT.
THE MPAT PLANNERS JOIN AND FULLY INTEGRATE INTO THE HEADQUARTERS STAFF, PROVIDING EXPERTISE, EXPERIENCE, “JOINT FLAVOR” AND TRAINED PERSONNEL IN COMBINED JOINT OPERATIONS TO RAPIDLY CREATE A CTF. IT BROADENS AND DEEPENS THE LEVEL OF COMPETENCY OF THE CTF HEADQUARTERS STAFF.
CTF

4. MPAT TE-1 Workshop Methodology
Improving MNF Staff Planner Effectiveness
Product:
Commander’s Estimate
Initiation: Warning Order
13 Nov
14 Nov
15 Nov
16 Nov
17 Nov
Scenario BRF
ACADEMICS
ACADEMICS
ACADEMICS
ACADEMICS
ACADEMICS
THIS TEMPEST EXPRESS IS A MNF STAFF PLANNING WORKSHOP. IT IS A SEMINAR FORMAT WITH ACADEMIC DISCUSSIONS AND PRACTICAL EXERCISES. MPAT TE-1 WILL BE FIVE DAYS LONG.
DAILY, THE PLANNING PROCESS DISCUSSIONS (ACADEMIC SESSIONS) WILL BE FOLLOWED BY STAFF PLANNING PRACTICAL (CDR’S ESTIMATE PLANNING BY THE PARTICIPANTS). THESE DISCUSSIONS WILL BE LED BY VOLUNTEERS FROM ALL PARTICIPATING NATIONS. TOPICS INCLUDE DOCTRINE, SOP, AND TTP. THIS INFORMATION WILL BE USED IN THE FOLLOW-ON PRACTICAL SESSIONS.
PARTICIPANTS WILL BRIEF THE RESULTS OF THEIR PLANNING TO THE MNF COMMANDER AND HIS STAFF. THE ENDSTATE IS TO PRODUCE A COURSE OF ACTION (COA) DECISION BRIEF.
THE CONCEPT OF THIS WORKSHOP IS TO PROVIDE MPAT AND HOST STAFF A LOW THREAT ENVIRONMENT TO DEVELOP AND LEARN THE MPAT STANDING OPERATING PROCEDURES AND FOR MPAT PLANNERS TO DEVELOP HABITUAL RELATIONSHIPS.
Prep COA
Decision
Brief
COA
DEVELOP-
MENT
COA
ANALYSIS
COA
ANALYSIS
& COA
COMPARISON
MISSION
ANALYSIS
COA Decision
Brief
AAR
MSN ANAL
BRIEF
Initial
COA BRIEF
ACADEMICS
Staff Cell
Briefs

5. Transition to a Non Military Effort Measures of Effeciveness
Purpose
Broad introduction to the key elements of humanitarian assistance operations
VII
COA Development VI
Transition to a Non Military Effort V
Measures of Effeciveness IV
NGOs/IO
III
US Organizations II
The Players I
Terminology UN
DOS/EMB
OFDA/DART
NGOs
Military

6. US FHA/DR DOCTRINE TERMINOLOGY
Foreign Humanitarian Assistance (FHA): Operations conducted to relieve or reduce the results of natural or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human suffering, disease, or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damage to or loss of property.
Conducted outside US
Limited in scope and duration
Assistance provided to supplement or compliment the efforts of the Host Nation (HN)
Disaster Relief (DR): A Subset of Humanitarian Assistance Joint Pub (Draft)
THESE ARE SOME OF THE KEY TERMS IN US DOCTRINE THAT YOU WILL HEAR USED IN CONNECTION WITH HUMANITARIAN OPERATIONS.
FHA: OPERATIONS OUTSIDE THE U.S. AND ITS TERRITORIES
DR: SUBSET OF HA RELATED SPECIFICALLY TO NATURAL OR MAN-MADE DISASTERS
MSCA: RANGE OF SUPPORT WITHIN THE U.S. INCLUDING DOMESTIC DISASTER RELIEF
- MSCA INCLUDES OTHER SUPPORT NOT COVERED BY THIS BRIEFING.

7. More Terminology Joint Pub 1-02
Multinational Operations: A collective term to describe military actions conducted by forces of two or more nations, typically organized within the structure of a coalition or alliance.
Combined Operation: An operation conducted by forces of two or more allied nations acting together for the accomplishment of a single mission.
Coalition: an ad hoc arrangement between two or more nations for common action... usually for a single action or longer cooperation in a narrow sector of common interest. Examples: Desert Storm, Somalia
Joint Pub 1-02

8. Perspectives on Multinational Operations
“Allies are the most aggravating of people. They are so difficult to understand, so unreasonable; they approach quite straightforward problems from such extraordinary angles. Even when one agrees with them on common objectives their methods towards obtaining them are so queer, so very queer. They even introduce consideration of their own national politics and hangovers from their past history, none of which have the faintest bearing on the matter of immediate issue. Their most annoying characteristic, however, is that among all the arguing and haggling is the astonishing way they seem quite incapable of recognizing how sound, how wise, how experienced are our views; how fair, indeed how generous, how big hearted we are..”
Field Marshall William Slim
Good quote--Are Americans any different?

9. Humanitarian Assistance Operations
Provide Comfort - Turkey/N. Iraq (HA)
Sea Angel I & II - Bangladesh (HA)
Fiery Vigil - Philippines (HA)
Guantanamo/Panama-- Haitian Refugees (HA)
Provide Hope - Former Soviet Union (HA)
Provide Relief - Kenya/Somalia (HA)
Restore Hope - Somalia (HA)
Provide Promise - Former Yugoslavia (HA)
Pacific Haven - Guam (HA)
East Timor (PO / HA)
THIS IS THE ROAD MAP OF WHAT HAS BEEN DONE IN THIS AREA IN RECENT YEARS. NOT ALL MISSIONS ARE LISTED
HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE OPERATIONS ARE HIGHLIGHTED IN RED.

10. TYPES OF FHA OPERATIONS
COMPLEXITY UN
NATIONAL
MULTI-
Unilateral
If the HA event is complex the UN may be involved. Unilateral is the simplest disaster response that support a country request will be dependent on the amount of resourse they have and what they need to request from others. This week we will work a MNF scenario. THESE ARE THE BROAD CATAGORIES OF HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE
1. UNILATERAL: SIMPLEST, BUT STILL LOTS OF MOVING PARTS
2. MULTINATIONAL
3. UNITED NATIONS-COORDINATED: LEAD NATION.-LED, BUT WITH LOTS OF STRINGS, OVERSIGHT, AND EXTRA COORDINATION LOOPS
REMEMBER: IN ALL CASES, THE HOST NATION PLAYS A PIVOTAL ROLE AND, THE MILITARY IS RARELY THE LEAD, AND THE MILITARY IS NEVER IN CHARGE.
TYPES OF OPERATIONS

11. Private Volunteer Orgs OFFICE OF FOREIGN DISASTER
PLAYERS
NGO’s/PVO’s
Non-Governmental/
Private Volunteer Orgs
UNITED
NATIONS
HOST-NATION
GOVERNMENT
MNF /
CTF
IOs
Interagency is a term possibly a us term, but a CTF will have to be proficient in coordinating with the agencies within this process.
PRIVATE, NON-PROFIT HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE ORGANIZATIONS SIMILAR IN FUNCTION TO NGO, BUT NORMALLY US-BASED. OFTEN USED SYNONOMOUSLY WITH NGO
IO- ORGANIZATION WITH GLOBAL INFLUENCE SUCH AS THE UN, INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS. UN AGENCIES - UNICEF, WHO, DO NOT USURP THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES
OFDA- UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (USAID). OFTA IS AN OFFICE UNDER THE CABINET LEVEL USAID, AN AGENCY WHICH WORKS AT CABINET AND COUNTRY TEAM LEVEL. IT’S EFFORTS ARE EXECUTED IN THREE PHASES: RELIEF, REHABILITATION, AND RECONSTRUCTION.
EMBASSY - PRINCIPAL DECISION MAKER IN COUNTRY FOR US FORCES, US JTF MUST CONDUCT LIAISON WITH THE EMBASSY. BEST TO SEND REP EARLY TO EMBASSY TO ESTABLISH COMM-LINK.
HN SUPPORT IS A KEY ELEMENT IN PLANNING. SOMETIMES THERE IS NO STABLE HN GOVERNMENT, IE SOMALIA. MUST HAVE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS OF THE SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES OF THE PEOPLE BEING ASSISTED
BOTTOM LINE: ALL PLAYERS MUST COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER AND SHARE INFORMATION.
OFDA
INTERNATIONAL ORGs
(INT’L RED CROSS)
OFFICE OF FOREIGN DISASTER
ASSISTANCE SUPPORT
EMBASSIES

12. Ambassadors/Chiefs of Mission
Responsible for Overall Direction, Coordination, and Supervision of Supporting Government Activities in the Host Country
Responsible for Successful Completion of the HA/DR and Safety of their Government’s Citizens and DFNs
For the US: State Department = Lead Federal Agency

13. Ambassadors/Chief of Missions
The Ambassador Is Not in the Military Chain of Command but a US JTF/CTF Commander Will Fully Support the Ambassador’s Plans and Cooperate With Lead Federal Agency / DOS and Embassy Personnel, Without Compromising Mission Requirements
Pg I-6 and II-3, JP

14. USLO Mogadishu, Somalia
“The military is enamored with timelines, no-later-than dates, and ultimatums. We on the other hand spend endless hours waiting and toiling for the slightest glimmer of hope in a situation unencumbered by deadlines and concrete results. Clearly, there are two diametrically opposed philosophies.”
USLO Mogadishu, Somalia

15. MNF / CTF COMMANDER
Responsible for all phases of the military operation
Provides military assistance to Governmental and Non-governmental agencies as directed by CTF establishing authority.
Establishes Liaison teams
Orchestrates the transition of responsibilities to other agencies

16. US Unilateral HA / DR Operation: SIMPLIFIED C2
PRESIDENT
SECDEF
SECSTATE
Humanitarian
& Ref. Affairs
USAID
AMB /
COUNTRY TM
CINC
OFDA/DART
THIS IS SIMPLIFIED BECAUSE IT ASSUMES A UNILATERAL STRUCTURE.
NOT REPRESENTED HERE:
- MULTILATERAL ORGANIZATIONS (UN, ASEAN, ETC.)
- PRESS
- HOST NATION
- OVERSIGHT AGENCIES SUCH AS CONGRESSIONAL DELEGATIONS.
KEY POINT: LNO’S AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICER ARE CRITICAL
HACC/JLOC
JTF
HOC
NGOs
PVOs
IOs
CMOC

17. Civil Military Operations Center (CMOC)
“In Somalia, a daily meeting was held where the NGOs were briefed on the current situation from all military participants. A review of ongoing humanitarian actions was briefed by NGOs and security requests were processed by the assisting units. In addition, the CMOC served as the venue for UN humanitarian programs to operate from.”
In simple terminology the CMOC is a coordination center. Commanders at every level may establish a CMOC to help anticipate, and coordinate CMO with the Host Nation, NGO/IO/PVOs.
In earlier brief it was mentioned that the CMOC is not a unit or an organization, instead it is a force tailored to meet mission requirements. The core members of the CMOC are Civil Affairs personnel but other CMOC contributors include, engineering, medical, transportation and logistics personnel as well as representatives from non-military agencies (e.g. OFDA, AUSAID). The CMOC receives, validates, and coordinates requests from NGO, PVO, IO, etc.

18. CIVIL MILITARY OPERATIONS CENTER (CMOC)
Major Functions of CMOC are:
Providing NGOs/PVOs with a single point for civilian-related activities and matters.
Coordianting relief efforts with CJTF, HN, UN and other Nonmilitary agencies.
Providing interfacewith U.S. DOS and representatives from other donor nations.
Assisting in the transfer of authority and hand-over of operations from military forces to HN, UN or other Nonmilitary agency control.
DIRECTOR
OPERATIONS
SECTION
ADMIN/
SUPPORT
SECTION
NON-MILITARY
REPRESENTATIVES

19. CMOC InterAction CARE Doctors of the World Red Cross Save the Children
ICRC
NGOs &
PVOs
Intl Rescue
Committee
CMOC
OFDA / DART
USG
Agencies
Children’s
Fund UN
Country Team
In establishing a CMOC commanders recognize that there are numerous NGO/PVO/IOs already operating in the area providing support to the civilian population. In many case these organizations are providing support before military forces arrive and in most cases will continue their support after military forces have departed. Therefore the purpose of the CMOC is to enhance and augment their capabilities to provide short term HA/DR.
The CMOC reports and transmits data normally in the form of Requests for assistance (RFAs) from Government Organizations(GOs), IO, and NGOs through the CMO officer to the CJTF commander.
World Food
Programme
Dept of
Peacekeeping
Operations
High
Commissioner
for Refugees

20. NGO / PVO RELATIONSHIP TO THE MNF / CTF
“What’s the relationship between a just-arrived military force and the NGOs and PVOs that might have been working in a crisis-torn area all along? What we have is a partnership. If you are successful, they are successful; and if they are successful, you are successful. We need each other.”
GEN J. M. Shalikashvili, CJCS

21. MEASURES OF EFFECTIVENESS
APPROPRIATE
MISSION-
RELATED
MEASURABLE
MEASURES OF EFFECTIVENESS
SENSITIVE
HOW DO YOU KNOW IF YOU ARE MEETING YOUR OBJECTIVES? A MEASURE OF EFFECTIVENESS IS USED BY THE MNF/CTF TO ENSURE THE MNF/CTF IS MOVING TOWARD THE END STATE. THE MNF/CTF NEEDS TO DEVELOP MOE’S FOR THE OPERATION USING THE FOLLOWING AS GUIDANCE:
MOE MUST BE APPROPRIATE- BROAD MEASURES TO PRESENT INFORMATION OUTSIDE OF THE MNF/CTF , SPECIFIC AND DETAILED TO ASSIST THE MNF/CTF DECISION MAKERS
MISSION RELATED- ENSURE IF THE MISSION EXPANDS, SO DO THE MOE’S
MEASURABLE- QUANTITATIVE MEASURES ARE NECESSARY
REASONABLE IN NUMBER- DON’T BEAT MNF/CTF TO DEATH OR NOT LOOK IN DEPTH AT SPECIFIC ISSUES
SENSITIVE- CHANGE WHEN MEMBERS OF THE MNF/CTF ACT, NOT WHEN EXTRANEOUS FACTORS AFFECT THEM
USEFUL- DOES IT HELP THE MNF/CTF COMMAND
REASONABLE
IN NUMBER
USEFUL

22. TRANSITION AND / OR TERMINATION
FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
TRANSITION CRITERIA
FISCAL GUIDANCE
TRANSITION PLAN
KEY ON THE WORD AND . NEED A PLAN, NEED TO START EARLY.
TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS BETWEEN SERVICES IS A NORMAL MILITARY HANDOVER. TRANSFER TO HOST NATION, COALITION, OR UN THE REQUIREMENTS ARE LESS CLEAR
TRANSFER SHOULD BE EVENT DRIVEN, NOT DRIVEN BY CALENDAR DATE
FISCAL GUIDANCE IS KEY- WHO PAYS?
DEVELOP TRANSITION CRITERIA- CONDUCT TREND ANALYSIS. WHEN SPECIFIC CRITERAI IS MET, BEGIN TRANSITION.
DEVELOP TABLES OF TRANSITION INDICATORS. TIE TO MOE’S
TRANSITION AND / OR TERMINATION

23. OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
PERMISSIVE
UNCERTAIN
MNF/
CTF
WHILE MAINLY A CONCERN IN FOREIGN OPERATIONS, EVEN DOMESTIC OPERATIONS MAY TAKE PLACE IN AN UNCERTAIN ENVIRONMENT
PERMISSIVE: CONDUCIVE TO HUMANITARIAN OPS. LITTLE OR NO OPPOSITION TO FORCES. NORMALLY ASSOCIATED WITH A RELIEF OPERATION FOLLOWING A NATURAL DISASTER
COMMONALITY OF PURPOSE
QUANTIFIABLE PROBLEM
CLEAR OJECTIVES
HOST NATION COOPERATION
UNCERTAIN: HOST NATION GOVERNMENT FORCES DO NOT HAVE TOTAL AND EFFECTIVE CONTROL OVER THE TERRITORY AND POPULATION IN THE INTENDED AO
HOSTILE: RANGE FROM CIVIL DISORDER OR TERRORIST ACTIONS TO FULL-SCALE COMBAT
MULTIPLE CONFLICTING PARTIES
IMMINENT DANGER TO ALL PARTIES
RELIEF IS USED AS A SIGNIFICANT WEAPON THAT CAN BE MANIPULATED BY COMBATANTS FOR POLITICAL GAIN
RELIEF EFFORTS TAKE ON THE OVERTONES OF CSS OPERATIONS
HOSTILE

24. PRINCIPLES OF MILITARY OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR
UNITY OF EFFORT
OBJECTIVE
SECURITY
THESE OBJECTIVES ARE COMMON TO ALL HUMANITARIAN OPS:
OBJECTIVE- CLEARLY DEFINED, OBTAINABLE
UNITY OF EFFORT- CLEAR LINES OF AUTHORITY. APPRECIATE THE POLITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING C2. ANTICIPATE PROBLEMS IN FOCUSING
SECURITY- HA SUCCESS IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE SECURE ENVIRONMENT OF THE OPERATION. ANTICIPATE THE TRANSITION FROM PEACE TO COMBAT. SECURITY OF OWN FORCES AND NGO/PVO’S
-- IN MILITARY OPERATIONS, SECURITY MUST BE ASSURED
RESTRAINT- CONSTRAIN OPERATIONS TO ENSURE THE INAPPROPRIATE USE OF FORCE DOES NOT ADVERSELY AFFECT THE LEGITIMACY OF THE OPERATION
-- FOR US DOMESTIC OPERATIONS, KEEP IN MIND POSSE COMITATUS RESTRICTIONS
LEGITIMACY- ENSURE THE HOST NATION/CIVILIAN AUTHORITY REMAINS INTACT. NEUTRALITY IS ESSENTIAL. DON’T LINK HELP TO ANY CAUSE
PERSEVERANCE
LEGITIMACY
RESTRAINT

25. COA DEVELOPMENT STEPS--HA / DR
1. Coordinate with Host Nation, UN, IO
NGO/PVOs, Lead Government
Agencies, etc.
2. Determine threat / operational
environment(s)
3. Analyze force capabilities
4. Array force capabilities (HA, security,
medical, transportation, etc.)
5. Develop scheme of maneuver
6. Determine C2 means and maneuver control measures
7. Prepare COA statement and sketch
8. Prepare staff estimates

26. HA / DR Lessons Learned
Symbology- Depiction of non-military operations
What is the role of traditional Intel in support of HA/DR
Information Management process
Map Doctrine And Fratricide
BDA- How to quantify in a disaster?
Understanding PSYOP And CA
Non-lethal Weapons- ROE?
Force Protection- Right level?
Field Sanitation- Lost Art?
TO CONCLUDE, A NUMBER OF LESSONS LEARNED:
SYMBOLOGY- HOW DO YOU DEPICT NON-MILITARY OPERATIONS ON AN OPS OVERLAY?
INTEL PREPARATION OF THE BATTLEFIELD- INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS VS SOURCES VS FOCUS
MAPS- DISCONNECT BETWEEN MILITARY AND CIVILIAN MAPS
BDA- HOW DO YOU QUANTIFY A DISASTER?
PSYOPS AND CA- HOW DO YOU MAXIMIZE THEIR USE?
NON-LETHAL WEAPONS- WHAT IS THE ROE?
FORCE PROTECTION- #1 PRIORITY. BUT DO WE WEAR FLAK VESTS?
FIELD SANITATION- IS THIS A LOST ART?

27. Lessons Learned (Cont’d)
Each operation differs- No universal doctrine & SOPs
Plan inclusively- include non-military players
Know the players and their relevance to the mission
Use the media: Objectives; scope of assistance; exit strategy
Don’t underestimate people’s coping skills
LESSONS FROM PACOM, OFDA REP AND DART TEAM LEADER
INCLUSIVE MEANS TIE-N OF ALL PLAYERS, NOT JUST MILITARY. CMOC SHOULD BE REPRESENTED IN PLANNING CELLS.
THE MEDIA WILL WRITE A STORY. GIVE THEM THE INFO NECESSARY TO WRITE THE CORRECT STORY. ARTICULATE OBJECTIVES AND THE END STATE.

28. Thank you for your attention