1. Introduction 1. We take for granted the division of our planets surface into a collection of spaces 2. Power is gained through connections among states for economic reasons 3. There were only about 50 countries in the 1940s; 192 today 4. State – An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government. 5. Sovereignty – Independence from the control of its internal affairs by other states 6. Country – Synonym for state

2. Problems of Defining States 1. Korea – one state or two? a. Divided at 38  north after WW II b. Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (north) invades the south in 1950 c. Korean War lasts 3 years – border is the same as the beginning of the war d. Both Koreas want to reunite, agreed to family visits in 2000 e. North Korea’s commitment to nuclear weapons?

3. Problems of Defining States 2. China & Taiwan: one state or two? a. According to China, Taiwan is not a sovereign state b. Taiwan disputed this in 1999 c. US recognized the Nationalist Party living in Taiwan as the real govt. until 1971 d. Taiwan is the most populous state not in the UN

4. Problems of Defining States 3. Western Sahara or Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic a. Considered by most Africans as a sovereign state b. Morocco claims it and built a wall around it

5. Varying Sizes of States 1. Russia is the largest 6.6 million square miles; 11% of world’s land area a. 4,300 miles east to west 2. Followed by China, Canada, USA, Brazil, and Australia 3. Monaco is the smallest at.6 square miles – microstate

7. Development of the State Concept 1. Idea develops in Europe but traced back to the Fertile Crescent 2. City-states had walls to clearly define border; protected by countryside as well 3. Rome would create 38 provinces using the same laws as its capital a. Rome collapses due to attacks on the frontier b. Plus, Rome was fragmented among competing dukes, kings, barons, etc.

8. Colonialism 1. To establish or impose political, economic, and cultural principles on territory a. Promote Christianity, provide resources, indicator of power b. Three Gs – God, Gold, Glory

9. Colonialism, cont. 2. Europe turns to imperialism of Africa after W. Hem declares independence a. UK would have a colony on every continent b. France would become the 2nd largest overseas territory c. Germany colonized Africa to disrupt communications of their rivals

11. Colonialism, cont. 3. France tried to assimilate colonies into their culture 4. Britain used decentralization to preserve diversity 5. As such, British transitions to independence were peaceful 6. Most African and Asian colonies would become independent after WW II a. 15 before the war, 106 in 2007 7. The most populous remaining colony is Puerto Rico – can’t vote, no members of congress a. Least populated is Pitcairn Island (UK) – 47 people

13. Five Basic Shapes of States 1. Compact – shorter distance from the center to borders a. Ideally shaped like a circle with the capital at the center b. Shorter boundaries to defend c. Better communications d. Does not mean peacefulness e. Examples – Kenya, Rwanda

14. Prorupted Compact state with large projecting region a. Provide a resource to a country – Congo or Namibia b. Separate two states from sharing a boundary – Afghanistan

15. Elongated 3. Long narrow shape a. Creates isolation, poor communications b. Chile is 2,500 north to south and 90 miles east to west c. Gambia – 300 miles E-W, 15 miles N-S and surrounded by Senegal

16. Fragmented 4. Several pieces of discontinuous areas a. All states that have islands are fragmented b. Indonesia has 13,677 islands across 3,000 miles c. Russia’s Kaliningrad is 250 miles away near Lithuania d. Tin Bigha, India – corridor from India only measures 600 feet by 300 feet 1. Divided by Britain according to religion e. Panama used to be fragmented until the canal was returned

17. Tin Bigha, India

18. Perforated 5. A state that completely surrounds another state a. South Africa surrounds Lesotho

19. Landlocked States 1. States surrounded by other states – no access to water a. Africa – 14 of the 54 are landlocked 2. Access to the sea is critical for international trade a. A state must arrange to use another country’s seaport b. What if you disagreed with South Africa? Zimbabwe?

20. Types Of Boundaries 1. Frontier – an area where no state exercises complete political control 2. Usually replaced by boundaries – Saudi Arabia/Iraq, Yemen/Oman. 3. Physical Boundaries a. Mountains – difficult to cross, permanent, sparsely populated b. Desert – difficult to cross, sparsely populated c. Water – easily visible on a map, usually don’t change 4. Ocean “Law of the Sea”- a. 12 nautical miles - right to marine life up to 200 miles 5. Cultural Boundaries a. Religion – rarely used – Pakistan/India; Ireland b. Geometric - Canada/US 49° Latitude c. Language- Treaty after WWI used language for a border 1. Most collapsed by 1990s – Yugoslavia 6. Cyprus – Turks 18% & Greeks 78% - accepted to EU in 2004

21. Boundaries Inside States 1. Ethnicities in the minority may be content with control of a region 2. Unitary State – power is in central government a. Works best in a state with few conflicts & national unity b. Most multinational states use unitary to promote nationalism – China 3. Federal State – power distributed to local governments a. United States – adopt their own laws b. Larger states – national capital may be to far away or isolated c. Belgium – Flemings and Walloons 4. Poland – switched from unitary (communist) to federal a. Many elected didn’t the experience

22. Electoral Geography 1. 435 US legislative boundaries redrawn every 10 years for equal population 2. Gerrymandering – redrawing boundaries to benefit party in power a. Wasted Vote – gives one party a chance to win all districts (5-0) b. Excess Votes – concentrates opposition party into a few districts (4-1) c. Stacked Votes – oddly shaped boundaries – links like minded voters (3-2) 3. Recent gerrymandering has been Stacked – just gain a simple majority 4. Gerrymandering was ruled illegal in 1985 by the US Supreme Court

23. Utah U.S. Congressional Districts

24. Utah State House

25. Utah State House of Representatives

26. Utah House 25 th District

28. Arizona U.S. District 2

29. Illinois 4 th District

30. The United Nations 1. Created after WW II by the victorious Allies a. Replaced League of Nations created after WW I b. League could not stop aggression c. US never joined even though their idea 2. 1945= 49 States; 2007 = 192 3. Rapid increase three times – 1955, 1960, early 1990s a. 1955 – 16 countries – mostly European b. 1960 – 17 countries – mostly former colonies in Africa c. 1990s – 26 countries – end of communism and break up of Yugoslavia 4. Security Council – 5 permanent members a. US, Russia, China, UK, France b. Only takes one to veto peacekeeping missions c. China, Russia, and France vetoed sending UN into Iraq in 2003 5. UN created a forum where all states of the world can meet w/o resorting to war

31. Regional Military Alliances 1. 1800s – eight superpowers – Austria, France, GB, Russia, Poland, Prussia, Spain, Sweden 2. Pre-WW I – superpowers were Germany, Italy, Japan, US replaced last 4 a. Post-WW II – US and Soviet Union 3. Large number of superpowers meant no one state could dominate = balance of power 4. Alliances were created to tip the balance of power = ally or satellite a. Allies can be helpful or unreliable – use of airspace in US strike of Libya 5. US/Soviet Union used force to keep satellites in line a. Hungary 1956, Czechoslovakia 1968, Afghanistan 1979 b. Dominican Republic 1965, Grenada 1983, Panama 1989 6. Satellites were used to set military bases to support conflicts abroad

32. Military Cooperation in Europe 1. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 14 European countries + US, Canada 2. Warsaw Pact – communist states in Europe – defend each other if attacked a. Used to stop anti communists in Hungary and Czechoslovakia 3. NATO – prevent Soviet Union from taking West Germany 4. Warsaw Pact provided buffer from a 3 rd invasion from Germany 5. End of Cold War – NATO reduced, Warsaw Pact disbanded a. NATO actually took on some Warsaw Pact countries

33. Economic Cooperation 1. The world has moved to a pattern of multiple superpowers a. Economic power instead of military b. Leading power is a union of states – European Union 2. 2004 – eight former communist states join EU 3. Goal – promote development through economic cooperation 4. Free trade – goods, services, capital, people move freely between members 5. Common currency – eliminated different prices, interest rates

34. Increase in Terrorism 1. Aimed at ordinary people rather than military targets 2. Pan Am Flight 103 3. 1993 World Trade Center 4. 1995 Oklahoma City 5. 1998 Tanzania and Kenya 6. 2000 USS Cole

35. September 11, 2001 1. United 93 2. al-Qaeda 3. Afghanistan – 2001 4. Iraq – 2003 5. Iran - ?

36. Supranationalism 1. Political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation among states to promote shared objectives 2. States tend to give up political power to a higher authority to pursue common objectives a. Political, economic, military, or environmental goals b. Ex. EU, NAFTA, UN NATO, Warsaw Pact, OPEC Devolution 1. Granting of powers from central government to government at regional or local level 2. Regions within a state demand and gain political strength at the expense of the central government – breakup of a state - balkanization 3. Growing autonomy within a state a. Ex. Yugoslavia, USSR, Czechoslovakia, British India b. UK, Canada, Spain, India/Pakistan