1. The Greatest Table on Earth!!!
The Periodic Table of Elements
The Greatest Table on Earth!!!

2. Periodic Table Ever wondered:
Why the Periodic Table is shaped the way it is?
Why is it called the Periodic Table?
Why are there 2 disconnected rows?
What information does it have?
Well today is your lucky day, because we are about to find out!

3. Periodic Table
The Periodic Table of the Elements shows every known type of atom.
It contains a large amount of information
Much of the information we can get just from the organization and shape of the periodic table

4. The Beginning
The Periodic Table was first made in 1869 by a Russian named Dmitri Mendeleev
His table looked something like this:
What do you notice about his periodic table?

5. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
Mendeleev ordered the elements by their atomic mass (he didn’t know protons existed yet)
He grouped those similar elements into columns
He started a new column every time the physical or chemical properties changed
Mendeleev left spaces for new, undiscovered elements and tried to predict their properties

6. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
As years went on, several elements were discovered
Their properties were nearly identical to those that Mendeleev predicted
Eka-aluminium (Ea)
(Mendeleev’s Prediction)
Gallium (Ga)
(Discovered Element)
Atomic weight
About 68
69.72
Density of solid
6.0 g/cm3
5.9 g/cm3
Melting point
low
29.78oC
Valency 3

7. What Mendeleev’s Predictions Tell Us?
Mendeleev showed us there are patterns and trends to the elements
These patterns show us we can organize the elements by their properties

8. Atomic Number
The most obvious way that the periodic table is organized by increasing atomic number
However, this doesn’t explain why the elements are grouped the way they are

9. Atomic Mass
The atomic mass also increases (generally) as the atomic number increases
This, also, does not explain the element groupings

10. Periods
Rows on the periodic table are called periods

11. Periods
Elements are organized into periods based on where their electrons are
The outermost orbital filled by electrons determines what period an element is in
If an elements outermost electrons are in the 1st orbital, the element is in the 1st period
If an elements outermost electrons are in the 4th orbital, the element is in the 4th period

12. Groups
The vertical columns of the periodic table are organized by common physical and chemical properties
Why do you think these groups have similar properties?

13. Groups Draw an atom of hydrogen, lithium, and sodium.
What do you notice about each of these atoms?

14. Groups Each atom has 1 electron in it’s outside orbital
Remember that electrons determine an atoms behaviour
Since each atom has the same number of electrons in its outside orbital, they all behave the same Na H Li

15. Groups This outside orbital is the same for every atom in a group
This means that atoms in a group behave pretty much the same
Now let’s take a look at some notable groups

16. Group 1 Group 1 are called alkali metals
They include the entire first column (excluding hydrogen)
They all:
Are soft, shiny, grey metals
Are extremely reactive
Have low densities, low hardness, and low boiling points
All burn with red, pink, or yellow colours

17. Group 2 Group 2 are called Alkali Earth Metals
Includes Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, and Radium
All are somewhat shiny, silvery-white, and are much harder than group 1
All make strong bases when mixed with water
Are about twice as dense as group 1

18. Group 17 Group 17 are called halogens
Contains Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, and Astatine
All are extremely reactive
All are extremely dangerous to living things (except iodine)
All make acids with hydrogen
All are vividly coloured

19. Group 18 Group 18 are called the Noble Gases
They include helium, neon, krypton, argon, xenon, and radon
Are all gases
All do not react at all
All glow with bright colours when electricity is passed through them

20. Metals to Non-metals
The periodic table also organizes metals all the way to what are called non-metals
Metals are materials that:
Have a shiny lustre
Conduct electricity
Conduct heat
Are malleable

21. Transition Metals
The transition metals go from group 3 (scandium group) to group 12 (zinc group)
They are all conductors of electricity and heat
They all have a shiny lustre

22. Transition Metals They are all malleable
They are all silver except for gold and copper
The only 3 magnetic elements are in the transition metals
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel

23. Poor Metals Poor metals are in group 13, 14, 15, and 16
Below the ‘staircase’
Are very malleable
Very soft
Poor electrical conductors
Low boiling points

24. Non-metals Non-metals do not conduct electricity or heat
Have a dull lustre (mostly)
Are brittle
Not malleable
Exist as solids, liquids, and
gasses
Most are brightly coloured

25. The ‘Staircase’
Between the poor metals and the non-metals is a staircase
This line shows a separation between elements that act like metals and elements that don’t

26. Metalloids Elements along the staircase are called metalloids
They act like metals and non-metals
Includes boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, and polonium

27. Metalloids Metalloids conduct some electricity Somewhat brittle
The hotter they are, the more conductive they are
Somewhat brittle
Shiny lustre
Make computers possible

28. Lanthanides & Actinides
The ‘disconnected’ rows of the periodic table are called the lanthanides and actinides
They are all radioactive
All are very reactive
Lanthanides
Actinides

29. Blocks
New information about how electrons work has taught us about things called shells
The periodic table is also organized by which electron shell is furthest to the outside of an atom
There are 4 shells
S – shaped like spheres
P – shaped like dumbbells
D – many shapes
F – many shapes

30. Groups
All atoms in the ‘s’ block have their outer most electrons in the ‘s-shell’
All elements in the ‘d’ block have their outer most electrons in the ‘d-shell’
And so on…