1. Heat Transfer & Change of Phase
Heat’s Movement & Effect

2. Conduction-Particle Collision
Heat conduction occurs by electrons colliding
Loosely held electrons are good conductors of heat. Examples: Metals-Ag, Cu, Al, Fe
Tightly held electrons are good insulators of heat. Examples: wool, wood, paper, cork, plastic foam
What are ways you are affected by this?

3. Copper- Notice the N-Shell loosely held electron

4. Molecular structure of cork is very stable
Molecular structure of cork is very stable. All electrons are held tightly in complete electron shell orbitals.
Molecules are generally more stable because they are pairing with other atoms sharing or exchanging electrons.
Good Conductor =
Poor Insulator!
Good insulator=Poor Conductor
Name some common insulators ?

5. Convection-Heat Transfer by Movements of Fluid
Heat is transferred by currents of the fluid
Examples: Water, Warm Air
Applications: Convection ovens, Warm winds
Papers blow on top of radiator; convection currents
Convection oven fan

6. Radiation- Heat Transfer by Radiant Energy
The wavelength of radiation relates to frequency.
A high temperature source emits high frequency wavelengths.

7. Radiant Energy Emission-
Average frequency is directly proportional to temperature
Sun transmits radiation
Earth transmit radiation
Absorption-
Everything is emitting and absorbing radiation continuously
Dark objects absorb radiant energy better
Dark objects emit radiant energy better
Light colored objects reflect radiant energy better

8. Matter in 4 Phases Solid- Ex. Ice Liquid- Ex. Water Gas- Ex. Steam
Plasma- Ex. Illuminating gas (found in fluorescent bulb, sun, stars)

9. Phase Diagram for Water
P=Pressure
From the atmosphere
T=Temperature
Measured in
Celsius degrees
Triple Point =
All 3 states exist
Critical Point=
Plasma properties begin

10. Energy Required for Each Change of Phase
Heat of Vaporization- Amount of heat required to vaporize one gram of a liquid at its boiling point with no change in temperature. J/g
Condensing <- -> Evaporating
Heat of fusion- Amount of heat required to melt one gram of a solid at its melting point with no change in temperature J/g
Melting <- -> Freezing
Sublimation- The direct vaporization of a solid by heating without passing through the liquid state
Sublimation <- -> Deposition

11. What Changes of Matter do you See? What Energy is required for change?
Heat of vaporization- Water Evaporating in clouds
Heat of Fusion- Freezing ice cubes
Sublimation of Dry Ice
Heat of fusion- melting popsicle
Heat of vaporization- Water condensing into rain from clouds

12. Phase Changes with Temperature Changes on Water-
Note the red lines-Melting/Vaporization
Known as “Heating curve of Water”
You can flip temperature and have A-B start as a vapor

13. Boyles Law
The volume of a gas varies inversely with the pressure applied to it as long as the temperature and amount of gas remain constant.
P1V1 = P2 V2 whereas (Pressure 1) (Volume 1) = (Pressure 2) (Volume 2)
You can solve for one unknown with the following equation.
P1 = P2 V2 As Volume decreases, Pressure increases.
V1 As Pressure increases, Volume decreases.
Charles Law
The volume of a gas varies directly with its temperature as long as the pressure and the amount of gas remain constant.
V1 = V2 whereas (Volume 1) = (Volume 2)
T1 T (Temperature 1) (Temperature 2)
You can solve for one unknown with the following equation.
V1 = V2 T As Temperature increases, Volume increases
T As Temperature decreases, Volume decreases