1. Structure and Function
THE CELL
Structure
and
Function

2. THE CELL: Structure and Function
Objectives
Alabama Course of Study
Alabama High School Graduation Exam
Teacher/Text objectives
Cellular basics
The cell membrane
Structure and function
transport
Organelle structure and function
Animal cells vs. Plant cells
Quiz

3. Objectives Alabama Course of Study
17. Identify the basis of the cell theory
18. Analyze relationships among cell structure, function, and organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
20. Relate cellular functions to specialized structures within cells.
Active and passive transport or materials (osmosis, diffusion)
Waste disposal

4. Objectives continued…
Alabama High School Graduation Exam
Standard V: The student will understand concepts of cells
Objective 1: Distinguish relationships among cell structures, functions, and organization in living organisms.
Eligible content:
Define and identify representations of diffusion and osmotic systems.
Recognize differences between active and passive transport of substances and the energy requirements associated with each.

5. Objectives continued…
AHSGE Eligible content continued:
Identify and define similarities and differences between plant and animal cells.
Classify organisms and prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
Describe cell locomotion by means of cilia and flagella.
Identify cell organelles and define functions of cell organelles.
Distinguish and identify examples of cellular organization at the cell, tissue, organ, system, and organism level.

6. Teacher / Text Objectives
Differentiate between active and passive transport.
Describe the structure and functions of the cell membrane.
Relate each organelle to a task essential to the life of the cell.
Explain the structural differences between plant and animal cells.

7. History of the Cell Theory
Cells were not discovered until the invention of the microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek is the first person credited with making and using a microscope

8. Robert . Hooke is credited with identifying the first cell
He was observing the small slices of cork
named the structures cells because they resembled cells (rooms) at the monastery.

9. Matthais Schleiden observed plants and stated that all plants were composed of cells
Theodore Schwann observed animal tissue and concluded that they were also composed of cells

10. The cell theory 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of organization of organisms
3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

11. Microscopes comes from the Greek words mikros- small and skopein- look
Microscopes are used to view small objects

12. Types of microscopes
1. Compound microscope- a series of lenses used to magnify objects up to 1500 times.

13. Hookes microscope

14. 2. The electron microscope
Uses a beam of electrons to make images of objects
3 types of electrons microscope
SEM – scanning electron microscope makes a 3-D image of the surface of a specimen up to 60,000 times

16. STM – scanning tunneling microscope creates a 3-D image up to one hundred million times
TEM- transmission electron microscope makes images of the denser areas of a specimen

17. http://school. discovery

18. Two basic types of cells
1. Prokaryotes- cells lacking internal membrane-bound structures
All the cellular material is mixed up within the cell
Most unicellular organisms such as bacteria are prokaryotes

19. In prokaryotic cells you will not see any internal structures

20. 2. Eukaryotes – cells that have membrane bound structures
Most multicellular plants and animals are eukaryotes
A few unicellular organisms like algae and yeast are eukaryotes

21. In an eukaryotic cell internal structures are visible

24. The Plasma Membrane - structure
The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell.

25. Contents of the plasma membrane:
Phospholipids have a polar (water-loving) head region and a nonpolar (water fearing) tail.

26. The fluid mosaic model of phospholipids allow flexibility

27. Proteins are scattered throughout the membrane and allow for transport of materials, identification, and transfer of information.

28. Cholesterol provides stability and prevents the fatty acids of phospholipids from sticking together.

29. Cell membrane – function
Through transportation, the cell membrane regulates the raw materials (glucose, amino acids, and lipids) that enter the cell and waste products that leave the cell.

30. This process of maintaining a cell’s internal environment is called homeostasis.

31. The cell membrane also protects the cell from its external environment.

32. Transportation of materials into and out of the cell.
Passive transport – materials enter and exit the cell through diffusion without the use of energy.

33. Two types of passive transport
Diffusion – mixing of two substances through random motion of molecules.
Osmosis – diffusion of water molecules through the plasma membrane

34. Active transport – Cells use energy to bring raw materials into the cell and export waste products.
Facilitated diffusion, sodium-potassium pump, proton pump

35. Stop here for First Test

36. Cellular basics review
Cell – basic unit of living organisms
Prokaryote – cell without membrane-bound structures. Example: bacteria
Eukaryote – cell with membrane-bound structures.
Examples: multicellular organisms such as plants and animals; and some unicellular organisms.

37. Cilia – short, numerous, hair-like structures that aid in locomotion or feeding.
Flagella – long, whip-like structure used for locomotion.
Organelle – membrane-bound structures within a cell that carry out a specific function.

38. Organelles Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Mitochondria Ribosomes
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth
Rough
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromatin

39. Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm is a clear gelatinous fluid inside the cell that surrounds the organelles.

40. The cytoskeleton is a framework of microtubules and microfilaments that help shape and support cells, and to assist organelles in moving from place to place.

41. Mitochondria
The mitochondria is the site of energy production through respiration.
It consists of two membranes;
cristae. The folded inner membrane
Nicknamed “the powerhouse”

43. Endoplasmic Reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resembles a folded membrane that forms a network of interconnected compartments in the cytoplasm
Function: transportation of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

44. Smooth ER does not contain ribosomes
Rough ER is covered with ribosomes

46. Ribosomes Ribosomes are the site for protein synthesis in the cell.
Produced in the nucleolus
Found floating free in the cytoplasm
Also exist on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

47. Locations of ribosomes

48. Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi apparatus resembles closely stacked flattened membranous sacs
Function: processing, packaging, and secreting proteins, lipids, etc.

49. Vesicles are membranous pouches that may bud from the ER or Golgi apparatus filled with protein.

50. Nucleus
The nucleus is the control center of the cell that manages cellular functions.
Nucleolus – structure inside the nucleus that produces ribosomes.

51. Chromatin – thin strands of DNA
Nuclear pore – holes in the nuclear envelope through which ribosomes leave the nucleus.

52. Lysosome
Lysosomes are small, spherical organelles surrounded by a single membrane and contain digestive enzymes.
Function: to digest excess or worn out cell parts, food particles, and invading viruses or bacteria

54. Vacuole
Vacuoles are found only in plant cells.
Stores food, water, enzymes, and waste products.

55. Vacuoles fill with water through osmosis and can fill up to 90% of the cell. The pressure that results inside the cell caused by the water is called turgor pressure.

56. Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are the sites for photosynthesis – where light is converted into chemical energy.

57. Chloroplasts are a type of plastid (organelle that contains pigments)
They contain chlorophyll - a green plant pigment that traps energy from sunlight and gives plants their green color.

58. Cell wall The cell wall is found outside the cell membrane.
made of cellulose.
They are found in plants, bacteria and fungi that give cells their shape.

60. Only found in animal cells.
Centrioles
Centrioles are small, rod-shaped structures that appear during mitosis.
Only found in animal cells.
CENTRIOLES

61. Plant vs. Animal Cells Only animal cells contain centrioles.
Only plant cells contain a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuole.

62. How well do you know your cells?
match
game
a virtual cell
quiz
membrane
worksheet
Another
virtual cell
organelle
worksheet

63. Diffusion

64. Active Transport

65. Passive Transport

66. Hypotonic, Hypertonic, and Isotonic Solutions