1. Intro to ‘Biology’  Biology – the science of life
 Organism – a “living thing”
Therefore, biology studies organisms
∙ microscopic structure
∙ interaction among many
∙ life history

2. THEMES of BIOLOGY Evolution – change over time
Reproduction & Inheritance – DNA/Genetics
Structure & Function – examples???
Energy – required for life
Ecology – interactions
Science & Society – conservation, bioethics, etc.

3. What is Life??? The Characteristics of Life: made of cells
Think about some of the things you see in your everyday life…
Animals Trees Rocks Water
Soil Buildings Cars
You probably have an idea about which of these is alive and which are not.
Scientists use the following characteristics to determine if something is alive or not. In order to qualify, the thing in question much possess all of the characteristics.
The Characteristics of Life:
made of cells
has organization
uses energy
responds to the environment
grows
reproduces
* Try applying these to the list above*

4. Hydrology 11. Endocytosis Cytology 12. Insecticide
Use the word fragments in your list to figure out the meaning of the following terms:
Hydrology Endocytosis
Cytology Insecticide
Protozoa Anaerobic
Epidermis Bilateral
Spermatogenesis Endotherm
Cytoskeleton Subspecies
Abiotic Arthropod
Dermatitis Micrometer
Hypodermic Hypothermia
Hemophilia Photosynthesis

5. STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
Write the correct term—autotroph or heterotroph—in the space referring to each of the organisms pictured below.

6. The Scientific Method What is it used for???
Answering questions about the world around us
It does so in an organized and systematic way
THE STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Identify the problem/question
Observe
Form a testable hypothesis
Experiment (collect data)
Analyze data
Draw a conclusion
Repeat!

7. Experimental Design Pre-planned series of steps
Goal is to collect (good) data
Most important part of the Scientific Method
“Controlled Experiment”
Gathers data under controlled conditions
Comparison of two (almost identical) groups
Control Group: Receives the normal (control) treatment
Experimental Group: Receives the experimental treatment
Independent Variable: Only difference between groups
“What did I change?”
Dependent Variable: Data gathered during experiment
“What did I measure?”

8. Drawing a Conclusion EITHER:
Analyze your data by creating charts/tables/graphs
Look for patterns/trends
Your results should point towards a conclusion...
EITHER:
“the data collected supports… (the hypothesis)” OR
“the data collected does not support… (the hypothesis)”
THEORY: A statement widely considered to be true because it has been supported by extensive experimental evidence

9. Quantitative Data Examples: - tree branch length - cell count
Numerical information gathered through experimentation
Examples:
- tree branch length
- cell count
- colony diameter
It is important for scientists to use a standard system of measurement
SI = international system of measurement
(a.k.a. the metric system)
BASE UNITS: Length → meter
Mass → gram
Volume → liter

10. Metric Number Line

11. Metric Conversions
0.023
5160.
1.4
0.2
34.
0.01
27.6
0.314
41.17
8,700.
290,000.
36.
9.1
10.6
76.5
104.9
0.019
0.396
140.

12. Metric Conversions
0.001
7,100.
0.0004
146,100.
0.0182
22,100.
0.0217

13. Microscopy A microscope produces an enlarged image of an object
* MAGNIFICATION *
COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
Used to view small organisms and cells
Thinly sliced specimen mounted on a glass slide
2 LENSES:
- Ocular (eyepiece)
- Objective (adjustable)
Total Magnification = ocular × objective

14. Compound Light Microscope Diagram

15. Compound Light Microscope Diagram

16. How to … MICROSCOPES!
- If unsure, follow directions in your handout! Read, read, read!!!
- Handle the microscope with one hand on the arm and the other giving support underneath the base
Always begin viewing under LOW power
Start with the lens as close to the stage as possible, then pull away with the coarse knob until focused
Once focused under low, switch to high power
- Under HIGH power, only fine focus is needed
Answer all questions
Make 2 sketches for each slide viewed

17. Other forms of Microscopy
Light microscopes magnify with a beam of light
Electron microscopes do so with a beam of electrons
TEM – transmission electron microscope
SEM – scanning electron microscope
Pro: Magnify many thousands of times
(instead of hundreds)
Con: Cannot view living specimens

18. Transmission Electron Microscope

19. TEM image of bacteria cells (magnified 50,000x)

20. SEM with opened sample chamber

21. SEM image of various types of pollen