1. Anatomy and Physiology, Seventh Edition
Rod R. Seeley Idaho State University
Trent D. Stephens Idaho State University
Philip Tate Phoenix College
Chapter 01
Lecture Outline*
*See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
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2. Chapter 1 The Human Organism
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Chapter 1 The Human Organism

3. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure
Physiology: scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

4. Topics of Anatomy
Gross or macroscopic: structures examined without a microscope
Regional: studied area by area
Systemic: studied system by system
Surface: external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging
Microscopic: structures seen with the microscope
Cytology: cellular anatomy
Histology: study of tissues

5. Topics of Physiology Reveals dynamic nature of living things
Considers operations of specific organ systems
Cell physiology: examines processes in cells
Neurophysiology: focuses on the nervous system
Cardiovascular: the heart and blood vessels

6. Subjects That Encompass Both Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology: structural and functional changes caused by disease
Exercise Physiology: changes in structure and function caused by exercise

7. Structural & Functional Organizations
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Structural & Functional Organizations
Chemical Level: interaction of atoms
Cell Level: functional unit of life
Tissue Level: group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them
Organ Level: one or more tissues functioning together
Organ System Level: group of organs functioning together
Organism Level: any living thing.

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Organs of the Body

9. Organ Systems of the Body
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Organ Systems of the Body

10. Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)
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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

11. Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)
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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

12. Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)
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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

13. Characteristics of Life
Organization: condition in which there are specific relationships and functions
Metabolism: all chemical reactions of the body
Responsiveness: ability to sense changes and adjust
Growth: increase in size and/or number of cells
Development: changes in an organism over time
Differentiation: change from general to specific
Morphogenesis: change in shape of tissues, organs
Reproduction: new cells or new organisms

14. Homeostasis Values of variables fluctuate
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Homeostasis
Values of variables fluctuate
around the set point to establish a normal range of values.
Set point: the ideal normal value of a variable.
What is the set point for body temperature?

15. Feedback Systems Two types: negative and positive Components
Receptor: monitors the value of some variable
Control center: establishes the set point
Effector: can change the value of the variable
Stimulus: deviation from the set point; detected by the receptor
Response: produced by the effector

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Negative Feedback
Any deviation from the set point is made smaller (resisted)
Examples: regulation of blood pressure, body temperature, blood sugar levels

17. Example of Negative Feedback
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Example of Negative Feedback

18. Changes in B.P. During Exercise
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Changes in B.P. During Exercise

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Positive Feedback
When a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation greater
Unusual in normal, healthy individuals, leads away from homeostasis and can result in death
Example of normal positive feedback: childbirth
Example of harmful positive feedback: after hemorrhage, blood pressure drops and the heart’s ability to pump blood decreases

20. Terminology and Body Plan
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Terminology and Body Plan
Anatomical Position
Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward
Other Body Positions
Supine: lying face upward
Prone: lying face downward
Directional Terms
Superior (Cephalic) vs. Inferior (Caudal) toward or away from the head
Medial vs. Lateral relative to the midline
Proximal vs. Distal used to describe linear structures
Superficial vs. Deep relative to the surface of the body

21. Terminology and Body Plan (cont.)
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Terminology and Body Plan (cont.)
Directional Terms (cont.)
Anterior (Ventral) vs. Posterior (Dorsal). Anterior is forward; posterior is toward the back.

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Body Parts and Regions

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Body Parts and Regions

25. Abdominal Subdivisions
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Abdominal Subdivisions

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Body Planes
Median (through the midline) and Sagittal (same plane, but to the left or right of median
Frontal or Coronal divides body into anterior and posterior sections
Transverse / Cross divides body into superior and inferior sections
Oblique: Other than at a right angle

27. Planes of Section Through an Organ
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Planes of Section Through an Organ
Longitudinal: cut along the length of an organ
Cross/Transverse: cut at right angle to length of the organ
Oblique: cut at any but a right angle

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Trunk Cavities
Diaphragm: divides body cavity into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Mediastinum: contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except the lungs

29. Serous Membranes Cover the organs of trunk cavities & line the cavity
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Serous Membranes
Cover the organs of trunk cavities & line the cavity
Fist represents an organ
Inner balloon wall represents visceral serous membrane
Outer balloon wall represents parietal serous membrane
Cavity between two membranes filled with lubricating serous fluid that is produced by the membranes
Inflammation of the serous membranes

30. Serous Membranes: Named for Their Specific Cavities and Organs
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Serous Membranes: Named for Their Specific Cavities and Organs
Pericardium refers to heart.
Pleura refers to lungs and thoracic cavity
Peritoneum refers to abdominopelvic cavity

31. Imaging Techniques Radiography Computed Tomography (CT)
Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)
Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
Ultrasound (US)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

32. Radiography: Shadowy negative of internal body structures
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Radiography: Shadowy negative of internal body structures

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Computed Tomography (CT Scan): computer-analyzed composite of radiograph; shows slices of body.
Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR): 3-D version of CT using multiple slices.

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Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA): comparison of radiographs with and without dye. Used in blood vessel studies.

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Ultrasound (US): computer-analyzed sound waves bounced off a structure in the body.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): uses magnetism and radio waves to look for varying alignment of protons in soft tissues.

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET): uses radioactively-labeled glucose to calculate metabolic activity of cells.