1. HONORS BIOLOGY

2. A student performed an experiment, in which she grew germinating peas on differing water concentrations. One set of peas did not get any water, one set got 2 mL of water each day while the last set got 5 mL each day. She collected the data below: Height of plants (cm) Time (days) With no water With 2 mL of water With 5 mL of water 1222 3344 6279 901012 0 14 Determine the independent and dependent variables. Identify two potential controls State a hypothesis that would be applicable to this experiment. If you would graph the data, what would be on the X-axis? On the Y-axis?

3. List the characteristics of life Organize the following in the correct level of organization by increasing size: Cell Macromolecule Ecosystem Population Atom Community Tissue Organ system

4. Describe the chemical reasons and biological consequences of the following properties of water: High surface tension High heat capacity Ice is less dense than water High cohesion and adhesion Draw 4 connected water molecules and label their bonds. Give an example of a biological process that produces water. Give an example of a biological process that uses water.

5. Describe the characteristics of acids What is an indicator? Give an example. Define what an organic substance is. What is a monomer? What are the monomers of the following: Carbohydrates Simple lipids Phospholipids Proteins Nucleic acids What are the functions of the following: Monosaccharides Starch Phospholipids Define what an enzyme is.

6. Name the following molecules and answer the questions: Name this molecule. Name its polymer. What is the type of bond that forms between the monomers? What is the type of reaction that takes place between the monomers. How many different types of this monomer do living organisms have?

7. Name this molecule. List its monomers Name the reaction that combines the monomers Name the function of this molecule.

8. Name this molecule Identify the reaction that would separate this molecule into its monomers. List two learned types of this molecule. Name its biological function.

9. What is denaturation? What causes it? What are the benefits and disadvantages of light microscopes? What are the functions of the following organelles: Microfilament Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi apparatus Draw the cell membrane and label its parts. What kind of transport would be used for: Moving a Mg ion from high to low concentration through a protein Moving a sucrose from low to high concentration

10. Compare and contrast plant cells and animal cell Compare and contrast mitochondria and chloroplasts List five functions of proteins. Describe the primary and secondary structures of proteins Draw and label the parts of the cell membrane Define passive transport and list its types. Describe through an example how active transport takes place. What type of transport would a cell use to engulf a bacterium? Differentiate between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids.

11. What part of the microscope would be used to: Hold the slide glass and cover slip Provide the highest possible magnification To control the amount of light that hits the specimen To hold the slide glass on the microscope State the indicator that would be used to identify starch? To identify simple sugars? To identify proteins? Define what enzymes are. An enzyme is treated with an inhibitor and is not able to take in any more substrates. However, when scientists analyze the enzyme, they realize that the active site is empty. What type of inhibitor did they use?

12. Name two environmental conditions that would alter the function of enzymes. Explain how these conditions would change enzymes. What would happen with red blood cells that are isotonic to 0.9 % salt solution if they are placed in a beaker of pure water? What happens with the same cells if they are placed in sea water (3% or higher salt concentration) A cell has lots of mitochondria, rough ER, ribosomes and Golgi body. What is the most likely function of this cell. Justify your answer. What is ATP? What is it used for?

13. A DNA molecule is made up of 52 % adenine. What is the concentration of cytosine? What is meant by semiconservative DNA replication? Why is the leading strand and the lagging strand copied differently during DNA replication? Who were the scientists who predicted that DNA replicates itself? Who were the scientists who determined that DNA and not proteins are responsible for inheritance. Describe their experiment. State the cell theory.

14. Identify the cells in the different phases of mitosis:

15. A cell has a diploid number of 26. Determine the following: Number and shape of chromosomes in prophase in a haploid cell. Number of chromatids in prophase in a haploid cell. Number and shape of chromosomes in a diploid cell in G1 Number of chromatids in G1 in a diploid cell. Number and shape of chromosomes in a diploid cell in G2 Number of chromatids at the end of mitosis in a haploid cell.

16. Determine the phase of meiosis:

17. List and describe the internal and external controls of the cell cycle. List three characteristics of cancer cells. List three treatment methods for cancer treatment. Define what chromosomal mutations are. Differentiate between aneuploidy and polyploidy. List 4 different types of chromosomal mutations that changes the shape of the chromosomes and describe them.