Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
-refers to a change from hand and home production to machine and factory
2
Early American Economy
Agricultural (Agrarian economy) 1800 – MOST AMERICANS WORKED ON FARMS Items not made at home were made by hand by highly trained craftsmen one at a time Ex. Tailor, Blacksmith, Cobbler
3
SAMUEL SLATER he brought British textile technology to America & defied British law by building a machine that could spin cotton fibers into thread designed the first textile mills, went into business for himself and grew wealthy
4
This helped increase America’s growth
Stages of Production: 1st stage of products: divide the work among several people. 2nd stage: build a factory where the people come together to work 3rd stage: invent machines to do part of the labor for the workers. First industrial revolution was important for the inventions of spinning and weaving machines operated by water power This helped increase America’s growth
5
A CHANGING ECONOMY Cause for entering the second Industrial Revolution was the passage of the Embargo Act of 1807 by Jefferson and the War of 1812. Effect: Economic Slow Down in U.S. Home manufacturing of textiles boomed WHY?????????
6
Industrialization a necessity….
The war made it obvious, America needed a better transportation system and more economic independence. Manufacturing began to expand. Industrialization in America involved three important developments. First, transportation was expanded. Second, electricity was effectively harnessed for use. Third, improvements were made to industrial processes such as improving the finishing process and speeding up production. The government helped protect American manufacturers by passing a protective tariff.
7
From Agriculture to Cities
As industries and factories grew, people moved from farms to cities. (a shift from the majority of Americans living in Rural environments to an increase in Urban living and big cities) This led to other issues including overcrowding and disease.
8
Industrial advances in MANUFACTURING
9
Eli Whitney Invents the Cotton Gin
10
In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin which made the separation of cotton seeds from fiber much faster. The South increased its cotton supply helping to send raw cotton north to be used in the manufacture of cloth.
11
Within months he had created the cotton gin
Within months he had created the cotton gin. A small gin could be hand-cranked; larger versions could be harnessed to a horse or driven by water power.
12
"One man and a horse will do more than fifty men with the old machines," wrote Whitney to his father "Tis generally said by those who know anything about it, that I shall make a fortune by it." Southern cotton field
14
Francis Cabot Lowell LOWELL’S EXPERIMENT
Used River Power in 1813 to Power Cotton and Cloth Francis C. Lowell invested in this manufacture where he brought together spinning and weaving processes into one factory. This led to the development of the textile industry throughout New England. In 1846, Elias Howe created the sewing machine which revolutionized the manufacture of clothing. All of a sudden, clothing began to be made in factories as opposed to at home.
17
The Lowell Girls 80% of the workers were young women ages 11-25.
Women endured difficult working conditions: sunrise to sunset for very low wages. They lived in boarding houses provided by the Lowell factory.
18
Eli Whitney and Interchangeable Parts
19
In 1798, the federal government awarded Eli Whitney a contract of $134,000 to produce and deliver 10,000 muskets.
20
Until then, every rifle had been made by hand from stock to barrel; but the parts of one gun did not fit any other gun, nor did anyone expect them to.
21
It was Whitney's idea to use machines that would make all the parts of his rifles so nearly identical that the machines parts could be interchangeable from one gun to another.
22
This system of manufacturing would permit an unskilled man to turn out a product that would be just as good as one made by a highly trained machinist.
23
Bessemer Steel Process
The process of producing steel from iron. its invention it was of enormous industrial importance because it lowered the cost of production of steel steel is then widely substituted for other substances which were inferior but previously cheaper. Henry Bessemer
24
Industrial Advances in Transportation
The Cumberland Road, the first national road…. the creation of the first steamboat, the Clermont. This was made possible by James Watt’s invention of the first reliable steam engine…. The creation of the Erie Canal….. Railroads were of supreme importance to the increase in trade throughout the United States eventually replacing the highways and canals.. A transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah.
25
TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION
A. ROADS AND TURNPIKES Before 1800 Roads & Rivers Most Important Links Between Farms, Villages, and Cities Development of Turnpikes a. Roads where travelers paid tolls b. Built of stone and gravel 3. By 1850 the famous National Road had reached 600 miles!
26
RIVERS AND CANALS Less Expensive Than Roads Upstream Travel Remained Slow & Expensive 3. Rivers Had Limited Usefulness a. Mostly north to south b. Freeze during winter Erie Canal – Completed In 1825 a. Connects Hudson River to Lake Erie b. Success spurred building of canals c. By 1840 – 3,000 miles of canals
27
THE ERIE CANAL
28
HARD WORK DIGGING THE CANAL!!!
30
ROBERT FULTON INVENTED THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL STEAMBOAT
NOW BOATS COULD TRAVEL UP RIVER MUCH EASIER AND QUICKER!
31
ROBERT FULTON’S CLERMONT
32
A NEW INDUSTRIALIZED NATION
After 1850 Farmers Self- Sufficiency No Longer Seemed Practical…….. New England = Manufacturing West = Grain South = Cash Crops Specialization Led To Conflicts and new thinking….
33
SECTIONALISM Sectionalism- differing ways of life in different parts of the country (with loyalty to your section of the country)
34
Industrialization developments in Agriculture:
Advances were made in agriculture too including better machines and cultivators. For example, Cyrus McCormick created the reaper which allowed quicker and cheaper harvesting of grain. John Deere created the first steel plow in 1837 helping speed up farming across the Midwest.
35
JOHN DEERE 1837 INVENTED THE IMPROVED STEEL PLOW
THE STRONGER BLADE WAS LESS LIKELY TO Break WHEN HITTING A BIG ROCK
36
THE STEEL PLOW
37
CYRUS McCormick 1847 THE Inventor of the Mechanical reaper.
A Reaper GATHERS CROPS
38
MECHANICAL REAPER The new way to gather crops! The old way!
39
MECHANICAL REAPER
40
Industrial Advances in Communication:
With the increased size of the United States, better communication networks became ultra important. In 1844, Samuel F. B. Morse created the telegraph and by 1860, this network ranged throughout the eastern coast to the Mississippi.
41
SAMUEL MORSE: The Telegraph!
1837
42
The TELEGRAPH
43
Inventors continued to work throughout the rest of the 19th and early 20th century on ways to life easier and productivity better. The foundations set throughout the mid-1800's set the stage for inventions such as the light bulb (Thomas Edison), telephone (Alexander Bell), and the automobile (Karl Benz). Further, Ford's creation of the assembly line which made manufacturing more efficient just helped form America into a modern industrialized nation. The impact of these and other inventions of the time cannot be underestimated.
44
Industrial Revolution Inventors
Person Invention Date James Watt First reliable Steam Engine 1775 Eli Whitney Cotton Gin, Interchangeable parts for muskets 1793, 1798 Robert Fulton Regular Steamboat service on the Hudson River 1807 Samuel F. B. Morse Telegraph 1836 Elias Howe Sewing Machine 1844 Isaac Singer Improves and markets Howe's Sewing Machine 1851 Cyrus Field Transatlantic Cable 1866 Alexander Graham Bell Telephone 1876 Thomas Edison Phonograph, Incandescant Light Bulb 1877, 1879 Nikola Tesla Induction Electric Motor 1888 Rudolf Diesel Diesel Engine 1892 Orville and Wilbur Wright First Airplane 1903 Henry Ford Model T Ford, Assembly Line 1908, 1913
Similar presentations
