1. Cell Reproduction Page #1
Warm Up
Where are your genes located?

3. FROM DNA TO CHROMOSOMES
DURING MOST OF THE CELL’S LIFE, DNA FORMS A TANGLED MASS CALLED CHROMATIN.
CHROMATIN LOOKS LIKE A PLATE OF SPAGHETTI.
RIGHT BEFORE A CELL DIVIDES, THE CHROMATIN FORMS INTO CHROMOSOMES (X-SHAPED).

4. CHROMATIN
CHROMOSOMES
MOST OF THE TIME ONCE IN A WHILE

5. Draw this in your notes

6. Cell Division Chromosomes = Tightly coiled, rod-shaped DNA
Chromosomes are made of chromatin
Human body produces 2 trillion cells per day & 25 million per second
Cells are formed by cell division of older cells
When a cell divides, DNA is first copied & then distributed
Each cell ends up with a complete set of DNA

7. Chromosome Number
Each human somatic cell has 2 copies of 23 different chromosomes
Total 46
Somatic = any cell that is NOT a sex cell
(also called body cells or autosomes)

8. Sets of Chromosomes Each pair is made up of 2 homologous chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes = chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, & genetic content
Each homologue comes from one of the parents
One from mom
One from dad

9. Cells Can Be Diploid or Haploid
Diploid = a cell that contains 2 sets of chromosomes (2n)
Haploid (monoploid) = a cell that contains only 1 set of chromosomes (1n or n)

10. Chromosomes Determine Your Gender
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
22 pairs are autosomes (chromosomes NOT directly involved in determining sex)
1 pair are sex chromosomes (contain genes that WILL determine the sex)
X & Y chromosomes

11. So-Which parent determines the sex of the baby?
X & Y Chromosomes
Male = XY
Female = XX
Male (dad) can donate an X or a Y to offspring
Female (mom) can ONLY donate an X
So-Which parent determines the sex of the baby?

12. MALE XY

13. Gametes Gametes are reproductive cells
Males = sperm (n = 23)
Female = egg (n = 23)
Combine in fertilization to make a:
Zygote (2n = 46)

14. Haploid VS Diploid Page #2

15. “Understanding the concepts of Haploid and Diploid”

16. Introducing Vocabulary
Diploid= DIH – ployd
Haploid= HA – ployd

17. Haploid and Diploid
Let’s take a look at the terms first…. Diploid= Di Ploid “Di” means “two”

18. Haploid and Diploid
Let’s take a look at the terms first…. Haploid= Ha Ploid think “HAlf” haploid is half of diploid.

19. Review “Diploid” means
Haploid and Diploid
Review “Diploid” means
Half
Two

20. Review “Haploid” means
Haploid and Diploid
Review “Haploid” means
Half
Two

21. GOOD JOB !!!
You’re on the way !!!

22. Introducing Vocabulary
Gamete= GA - meat
Somatic= So-MA-tik

23. Haploid and Diploid
A “Gamete” is a generic term for a “sex cell”. An example would be a sperm or an egg.

24. Gametes are Haploid in chromosome number.
Haploid and Diploid
Gametes are Haploid in chromosome number.

25. Haploid and Diploid
The number of chromosomes that a gamete would contain would be described as______
Haploid
Diploid

26. “Somatic cells” refers to every other cell in the body except gametes.
Haploid and Diploid
“Somatic cells” refers to every other cell in the body except gametes.

27. Review Sperm or Egg = Gametes All Other cells = Somatic Cells
Haploid and Diploid
Review Sperm or Egg = Gametes All Other cells = Somatic Cells

28. Gamete or Somatic Cell ? A Liver Cell
Haploid and Diploid
Gamete or Somatic Cell ? A Liver Cell
Gamete
Somatic
Cell

29. Gamete or Somatic Cell ? A Sperm Cell
Haploid and Diploid
Gamete or Somatic Cell ? A Sperm Cell
Gamete
Somatic
Cell

30. Gamete or Somatic Cell ? A Brain Cell
Haploid and Diploid
Gamete or Somatic Cell ? A Brain Cell
Gamete
Somatic
Cell

31. Gamete or Somatic Cell ? A Lung Cell
Haploid and Diploid
Gamete or Somatic Cell ? A Lung Cell
Gamete
Somatic
Cell

32. Gamete or Somatic Cell ? An Egg
Haploid and Diploid
Gamete or Somatic Cell ? An Egg
Gamete
Somatic
Cell

33. Gamete or Somatic Cell ? A Skin Cell
Haploid and Diploid
Gamete or Somatic Cell ? A Skin Cell
Gamete
Somatic
Cell

34. Keep Going !!!
HAlf way There !!!

35. Somatic Cells are Diploid in chromosome number.
Haploid and Diploid
Somatic Cells are Diploid in chromosome number.

36. Haploid and Diploid
The number of chromosomes that a somatic cell would contain would be described as______
Haploid
Diploid

37. Review Gametes = haploid Somatic Cells = diploid
Haploid and Diploid
Review Gametes = haploid Somatic Cells = diploid

38. Mathematically Speaking if haploid=n, then diploid=2n
Haploid and Diploid
Mathematically Speaking if haploid=n, then diploid=2n

39. Haploid and Diploid
Mathematically Speaking or… haploid is ½ of diploid or… diploid is 2x haploid

40. Haploid and Diploid
Review Sperm or Egg = Gametes=Haploid=n All Other Cells = Somatic Cells=Diploid=2n

41. Haploid and Diploid
Humans have 46 chromosomes in their somatic cells. These cells are ______
Haploid
Diploid

42. Humans have 23 chromosomes in their gametes. These cells are ______
Haploid and Diploid
Humans have 23 chromosomes in their gametes. These cells are ______
Haploid
Diploid

43. If humans diploid number = 46, what is the haploid number?
Haploid and Diploid
If humans diploid number = 46, what is the haploid number? 23 92

44. If humans haploid number = 23, what is the diploid number?
Haploid and Diploid
If humans haploid number = 23, what is the diploid number? 46 92

45. If chimps diploid number = 48, what is the haploid number?
Haploid and Diploid
If chimps diploid number = 48, what is the haploid number? 24 96

46. If chimps haploid number = 24, what is the diploid number?
Haploid and Diploid
If chimps haploid number = 24, what is the diploid number? 48 96

47. Haploid and Diploid
Review Again Sperm or Egg = Gametes=Haploid= n All Other Cells = Somatic Cells=Diploid= 2n

48. If humans diploid number = 46, How many chromosomes in a liver cell ?
Haploid and Diploid
If humans diploid number = 46, How many chromosomes in a liver cell ? 23 46

49. If humans diploid number = 46, How many chromosomes in a sperm cell ?
Haploid and Diploid
If humans diploid number = 46, How many chromosomes in a sperm cell ? 23 46

50. If humans diploid number = 46, How many chromosomes in a brain cell ?
Haploid and Diploid
If humans diploid number = 46, How many chromosomes in a brain cell ? 23 46

51. If humans diploid number = 46, How many chromosomes in a lung cell ?
Haploid and Diploid
If humans diploid number = 46, How many chromosomes in a lung cell ? 23 46

52. If humans diploid number = 46, How many chromosomes in an egg cell ?
Haploid and Diploid
If humans diploid number = 46, How many chromosomes in an egg cell ? 23 46

53. If humans diploid number = 46, How many chromosomes in a skin cell ?
Haploid and Diploid
If humans diploid number = 46, How many chromosomes in a skin cell ? 23 46

54. Up so far !!!
ALMOST THERE !!!

55. Haploid and Diploid
Review Last Round Sperm or Egg = Gametes=Haploid= n All Other Cells = Somatic Cells=Diploid= 2n

56. Haploid and Diploid
If chimp’s haploid number = 24, How many chromosomes in a chimp’s liver cell ? 24 48

57. Haploid and Diploid
If chimp’s haploid number = 24, How many chromosomes in a chimp’s egg cell ? 24 48

58. Haploid and Diploid
If Horse’s diploid number = 64, How many chromosomes in a Horse’s liver cell ? 32 64

59. Haploid and Diploid
If Alligators’s diploid number = 32, How many chromosomes in a Alligators’s liver cell ? 32 64

60. Haploid and Diploid
If Dog’s diploid number = 78, How many chromosomes in a Dog’s sperm cell ? 39 78

62. Mitosis Animation

63. Page #3 Karyotype
Karyotype = a photo of the chromosomes in a dividing cell that shows the chromosomes arranged by size.

64. Karyotype cont’d
Each of an individual’s 46 chromosomes has thousands of genes so the presence of all chromosomes is essential for normal functioning
Humans who are missing a chromosome don’t survive
Humans with more than two copies of a chromosome, called trisomy, may survive but will not develop properly.

65. What is wrong?

68. The Cell Cycle
Repeating sequence of cell growth and division during an organism’s life
90% of cell life is spent in INTERPHASE
Then it may go into MITOSIS & CYTOKINESIS

69. INTERPHASE (divided into mini-phases)
G1(first growth) phase = Cell grows rapidly
S (synthesis) phase = DNA copied
G2 (2nd growth) phase = Nucleus prepares to divide

70. http://publications. nigms. nih. gov/insidethecell/ch4_interphase_big

71. AFTER INTERPHASE Mitosis Cytokinesis

72. Having 3 copies of a chromosome is called a ______________
Mitosis and Meiosis
WARM UP
Females are X___
Males are X___
Having 3 copies of a chromosome is called a ______________

73. Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis: -division of somatic (body) cells
- results in two daughter cells that are identical
Meiosis
-division of gametes (sex cells)

74. Mitosis
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

75. The Cell Cycle is Carefully Controlled
Key check points which feedback signals from the cell will delay the next step
Controlled by proteins!
Cell Growth CHECKPOINT (G1) – Start – Nerve/muscle cells stop here
2. DNA Synthesis CHECKPOINT (G2) – Enzymes
3. Mitosis CHECKPOINT – Back to G1 phase

76. Page #4 When Control is Lost -- Cancer
Cancer = Cell growth is uncontrolled - does not respond to control mechanisms.
Causes: Mutations that cause over-production of growth molecules – (accelerator) or by in-activating proteins that slow or stop the cell cycle (brakes)
Tobacco and UV radiation linked to increased cancer risk.

77. Change in Chromosome Number
Trisomy = humans with more than 2 copies of chromosomes – improper development
Karyotype = a photo of the chromosomes in a dividing cell.
Disjunction = when egg/sperm cells form – each chromosome and homologue separate – sometimes one or more chromosomes fail to separate - unequal distribution.
Down Syndrome - 3 copies of chromosome 21- NONDISJUNCTION

79. Change in Chromosome Structure
Mutation – A change in an organism’s chromosomal structure.
Deletion = piece of chromosome breaks off completely – lacks of a set of genes – fatal
Duplication = chromosome fragment attaches to its homologous chromosome –two copies of a gene set

81. Inversion = chromosome piece reattaches to original chromosome, but in reverse orientation.
Translocation = chromosome piece reattaches to a nonhomologous chromosome.

84. Interphase Interesting things happen! Cell preparing to divide
Genetic material doubles

85. Prophase Chromosome pair up! Chromosomes thicken and shorten
-become visible
-2 chromatids joined by a centromere
Centrioles move to the opposite sides of the nucleus
Nucleolus disappears

87. Metaphase Chromosomes meet in the middle!
Chromosomes arrange at equator of cell
Become attached to spindle fibres by centromeres
Homologous chromosomes do not associate

89. Anaphase Chromosomes get pulled apart
Spindle fibres contract pulling chromatids to the opposite poles of the cell

90. Telophase Now there are almost two! Chromosomes uncoil
Spindle fibres disintegrate
Centrioles replicate

92. Cytokinesis
Cell splits

94. Metaphase

95. Telophase

96. Prophase

97. Anaphase

101. Cell Reproduction Page #5
Warm Up
List the stages of mitosis in order
IPMAT

102. Meiosis
Meiosis = Cell division that produces only haploid cells (half the number of chromosomes)
Sex cells or gametes
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis

103. Meiosis Occurs in Two Stages
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Follows the same order as MITOSIS, but it does it TWICE

104. Meiosis I
Homologous chromosomes are separated into separate cells.

105. Interphase I Cell doubles its DNA and then doubles it again

106. Prophase I Chromosomes form Crossing over takes place

107. Crossing Over Exchanging corresponding segments of DNA
Important because it gives a new combination of genes.

108. Crossing Over

109. Metaphase I Chromosomes line up in the middle.

110. Anaphase I Chromosomes separate

111. Telophase I Cell begins to divide & 2 new cells form (cytokinesis)
Each cell has chromosomes

112. Meiosis II
Chromatids of each chromosome are separated into separate cells

113. Prophase II Chromosomes form in both cells

114. Metaphase II Chromosomes line up along middle of cell

115. Anaphase II Chromosomes separate and are pulled apart into chromatids

117. Telophase II Chromatids gather at ends of cells
Cytokinesis occurs – (cell splits apart)

118. End Result of Meiosis & Cytokinesis
4 new cells each with half as much genetic info as the parent

120. Spermatogenesis

121. Oogenesis