1. MRS. STIPANOVICH 11. 2 MEIOSIS

2. MEIOSIS Takes place only in the reproductive cells Sperm Cells A male child does not have sperm cells until puberty Egg Cells A female child is born with all of the eggs she will ever need

3. MEIOSIS Homologous Chromosomes 1 from Dad 1 from Mom Somatic Cells (body cells) contain two identical sets of chromosomes (copies). They are called diploid.

4. MEIOSIS 2N-A diploid cell can be represented by “2n” Example: Fruit flies have 8 chromosomes, so we say 2N=8

5. MEIOSIS Gamete cells (reproductive) contain only one set of chromosomes. They are called haploid. Example: A fruit fly’s sex cells would be represented by “N”. If 2N=8, then N=4

6. MEIOSIS We all start out as diploid cells (fertilized egg cells). How do we make haploid cells from diploid cells? Answer: Meiosis! Meiosis-the process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes in a cell is cut in half. Only takes place in germ cells.

7. Fig. 9.4a p. 142 plasma membrane newly forming microtubules in the cytoplasm spindle equator (midway between the two poles) one pair of homologous chromosomes PROPHASE IMETAPHASE IANAPHASE ITELOPHASE I MEIOSIS I

8. MEIOSIS 1 Interphase 1: Gamete cells follow normal path—replicating DNA and forming more organelles Prophase 1: Each replicated chromosome finds its homologous pair. Crossing-over: The homologous pairs wrap around each other and pass genetic information back and forth.

9. MEIOSIS 1 Metaphase 1: Homologous pairs line up next to each other in the middle of the cell Spindle fibers attach to each pair of chromatids

10. MEIOSIS 1 Anaphase 1: Spindle Fibers pull the paired chromatids apart from each other Pull pairs toward opposite ends of the cell

11. MEIOSIS 1 Telophase 1 and Cytokinesis: Nuclear membrane forms Cell separates into two new cells

12. MEIOSIS 1 We end up with 2 new cells with very different genetic information from it’s parent cell (due to crossing over) This is why you do not look exactly like your mother or exactly like your father. This is also why you might look like an extended relative, such as a grandfather or aunt

13. MEIOSIS II Now, we need to split the cells one more time.

14. PROPHASE IIMETAPHASE IIANAPHASE IITELOPHASE II MEIOSIS II there is no DNA replication between the two divisions

15. MEIOSIS II Interphase: NOTHING

16. MEIOSIS II Prophase II: Spindle re-emerges

17. MEIOSIS II Metaphase II Sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cells (like Mitosis) Spindle fibers attach

18. MEIOSIS II Anaphase II Each CHROMATID is pulled to a separate pole (opposite ends)

19. MEIOSIS II Telophase II Nuclear membrane re-forms Cytokinesis Occurs We have 4 haploid cells

20. SPERM Spermatogenesis Spermatocyte to 4 spermatids

21. EGGS Oogenesis Oocyte to 3 polar bodies and 1 ovum

22. 2n n germ cell each chromosome duplicated during interphase MEIOSIS I separation of homologues MEIOSIS II separation of sister chromatids diploid number restored at fertilization zygote gametes