1. Meiosis
animation

2. How are the Goals of MEIOSIS Different from the Goals of MITOSIS?
Produces identical daughter cells (genetically)
2) Produces daughter cells with the same number of chromo-somes as mother cell
Homologous chromosomes DO NOT interact
Produces cells that are NOT genetically identical
2) Cuts chromosome number of mother cell in half
Homologous chromosomes pair up, align and separate

3. Homologous Chromosomes
are similar in shape and content
they carry genes for the same proteins.
This means that you have two copies for any given gene on a non-sex chromosome (not X or Y).
Remember, organisms with two copies of each gene (and/or chromosome) are called diploid
Homologous Chromosomes work in a similar way:
Chromosome 19 from your dad will have the same genes on it as Chromosome 19 from your mom
the information on these genes may be slightly different
Ex. On this chromosome, you might get a brown hair version of the gene from your dad and a blond hair version of the gene from your mom
Encylopedia Analogy-
Imagine you get a set of encylopedias from each parent.
Each has 23 volumes present similar information in a similar format
Ex. Each has a listing for “kangaroo", but may say slightly different things about “kangaroos".
You have inherited two versions of “kangaroo".

4. How does the process of meiosis accomplish the previously mentioned goals?
two meiotic divisions without DNA replication in between them.
Independent assortment and crossing over

5. MEIOSIS I
Prophase 1:
Homologous sister chromatids find each other. Crossing Over can occur during the latter part of this stage.
Metaphase 1:
Homologous chromosomes align at the equatorial plate. Independent assortment happens here.
Anaphase 1:
Homologous pairs separate with sister chromatids remaining together.
Telophase 1:
Two daughter cells are formed with each daughter containing only one chromosome of the homologous pair.

6. Meiosis II Prophase 2: Metaphase 2: Anaphase 2: Telophase 2:
DNA does not replicate. Sister Chromatids prep for division
Metaphase 2:
Sister chromatids align at the equatorial plate.
Anaphase 2:
Centromeres divide and sister chromatids migrate separately to each pole.
Telophase 2:
Cell division is complete. Four haploid daughter cells are obtained.

7. Summary One parent cell produces four daughter cells.
Daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes found in the original parent cell and with crossing over, are genetically different.
Meiosis differs from mitosis primarily because there are two cell divisions in meiosis, resulting in cells with a haploid number of chromosomes.

8. Meiosis Square Dance
animation

9. Independent Assortment-
The process of random segregation and assortment of chromosomes during anaphase I of meiosis resulting in the production of genetically unique gametes.
Chiasmata-
A cross-shaped structure commonly observed between homologous chromosomes during meiosis; the site of crossing-over.

10. Random Fertilization-
A mating system in which there is an equal opportunity for all male and female gametes to join in fertilization
This means that an egg cell representing one of eight million different genetic possibilities will be fertilized by a sperm cell representing one of eight million genetic possibilities and the resulting zygote can have any of the possible 64 trillion diploid combinations of genes.

11. Making Gametes Spermatogenesis- Oogenesis-
The process of sperm formation in male animals
Happens in the testes
Produces 4 haploid cells which go on to develop tails and are called “spermatozoa”
Oogenesis-  
 The process of ovum formation in female animals
Happens in ovaries
Cytoplasm divides unequally after Meiosis 1
This “ovum” grows into a mature egg cell and carries a rich supply of nutrients for the developing egg.
The other 3 cells become polar bodies and die