2.  Major Questions:  Why did Europeans with their history of fragmentation and internal problems, begin to look towards expansion abroad?  What were European motives?  Who were the major European colonial powers?  How did they accomplish overseas expansion?  What effects did expansion have on European societies?  What effects did expansion have on colonized or enslaved peoples?

3.  Question: What were European motives for expansion?  Economic – search for profits: silks, spices and other goods that could benefit the Crown and merchant classes  Religious – Spanish Reconquista – take colonial possessions before Muslims could gain influence  Racial – through contact with other peoples, Europeans formulated ideas of racial superiority – combined ideas of cultural, scientific, religious, economic, and physical superiority

4.  How did Europeans expand beyond Europe?  Creation of stable governments/monarchies  Spanish example – unification of different small kingdoms into one  Battle against Muslims (Reconquista) helped unify Spanish Crown (Ferdinand & Isabella)  Monarchs gained wealth, wanted to spend it on new things: new trade routes, exploration, expansion  New technologies or used borrowed technologies – Portolini (navigation maps), compass, astrolabe, knowledge of wind patterns 

5.  Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)  Wanted to find a mythical Christian Kingdom in Africa to ally against Muslims  Acquire new trade opportunities  Extend the influence of Christianity  India and Vasco da Gama  original goal of da Gama’s mission was to destroy the Muslim monopoly over the Spice Trade (economic)  1497 sails around Cape of Good Hope in Africa  Success = military superiority & seamanship

6. Global Exploration 1415 – 1522 C.E.

7. Flow of Commerce in Portuguese World 1600

8.  Spain’s Success = naval superiority, military strength & religious zeal  Spanish Model:  crown maintained control over colonies  most colonists were male (intermarried)  wealth based on exploitation of native population and slaves (not African)  system of encomienda (labor system of service to the local Spanish governors) – brutal exploitation  1592 Slave Laws – Catholic Church convinced Crown to outlaw the use of the Native population as slaves  http://www.history.com/search.do?searchTex t=columbus http://www.history.com/search.do?searchTex t=columbus  Link for History Channel information on Christopher Columbus

10.  Competition with Spain  France (1534-1635)  North America – 1534 Cartier (fur trade)  Caribbean – Haiti – SUGAR (became most important)  English Attempts  Roanoke, NC (Sir Walter Raleigh), 1585: Link to PBS, Time Team America episode on Roanoke IslandLink to PBS  East India Company, 1591 (India)

11. French Exploration in Americas English in North America

12.  Dutch East India Company, 1602  designed to breakup Portuguese monopoly  1621 Dutch West India Company (WIC) – Caribbean & North America  New Amsterdam (New York) – Fur Trade  Curacao (Caribbean – slave trade, pirating, cacao trade)  Trade with Native Americans in North America: Creates problems for French & English and a mini arms race among Native Americans in the Northeast for furs. In exchange for beaver pelts – guns, gun powder, steel headed tomahawks & alcohol

13. Dutch Atlantic Empire

15.  Colonization & Empires based on exploitation of native and African populations  Spanish system = encomienda labor system = mining and agriculture by natives (slaves/serfs)  Portuguese, French, and English = enslavement of Africans  Creation of plantations in Caribbean, No. and So. Americas to grow staple crops: sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton  Racial system of slavery eventually developed – Europeans rationalized only blacks could be slaves

18.  Related Links for European Exploration:  http://www.nps.gov/seac/outline/07- exploration/index.htm http://www.nps.gov/seac/outline/07- exploration/index.htm  PBS Link for Guns Germs & Steel PBS Link for Guns Germs & Steel  The Columbian Exchange: exchange of crops and germs between Europe and the Americas – primarily benefited Europe, while harming native American societies  Link to National Geographic Columbian Exchange Link to National Geographic Columbian Exchange

19. This link will take you to Guns Germs Steel on YouTube. Link to Guns Germs Steel Episodes 1 and 2 summarize much of what you’ve learned about pre-history and early civilization in this semester. Diamond presents an interesting theory about the roots of inequality and power in human history and is debated very much in history. Episode 7 delves into the European colonial conquest of North and South America.