1. The Civil Rights Movement Ch. 21

2.  After World War II many question segregation  NAACP—wins major victory with Supreme Court decision Brown vs. Board of Education (Topeka, Kansas)  segregation in public schools is unconstitutional

3.  In Montgomery, AL Rosa Parks refuses to give up seat begins Montgomery Bus boycott (people don’t use buses), goes to the Supreme Court, they rule bus segregation illegal  Begins career of Martin Luther King Jr. (leader of protest)

4.  Governors of southern states defy rulings to integrate (bring different races together), federal government uses US Army to protect minority students and open schools.

5.  Surge of Civil Rights Organizations:  NAACP- interracial group (white & black members), worked through the courts to secure full equality for blacks

6.  National Urban League- helped African Americans who moved to Northern cities to find homes and jobs.  Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)- tried to obtain equality through peaceful means (protest, sit-ins)

7.  Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)– led by MLK advocated nonviolence in the forms of protests, passive resistance, and civil disobedience (refusal to follow laws in order to get them changed) even in the face of violence

8.  Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)– wanted a stronger voice and more immediate changes  Young blacks used sit-ins in public places to protest throughout the South, also used freedom rides (activists riding buses)

9.  Due to a series of nationally televised protests and marches in Birmingham, Alabama led by MLK Jr. and brutality with which the police handled the strike, began national push for civil rights and desegregation Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. for leading a protest in Birmingham AL, after the courts ruled the marches illegal.

10. Police dogs and water cannons were used against non-violent protestors

11.  Pres. John F. Kennedy begins push in Congress for Civil Rights bill, Congressmen in the South blocked bill.

12.  Civil Rights leaders organize March on Washington in Aug 1963 to bring national attention to civil rights, MLK Jr. gives “I have a dream” speech calling for more civil rights.  http://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=Bp ihb9zeH9U

13.  In Nov 1963 Kennedy is assassinated, Lyndon Johnson takes over and gets Civil Rights Act of 1964 passed, this act prohibited discrimination in jobs, schools and voting

14.  Many southern states still denied voting rights, LBJ passes Voting Rights Act of 1965 (gave federal officials the right to register voters if state officials wouldn’t), LBJ then passes 24 th Amendment outlawing poll tax, these two laws leads many African American gaining political office.

15.  Many felt that changes were coming to slow, broke away from civil rights movement forming more radical groups

16.  Malcolm X founded nation of Islam, black Muslims who opposed integration and wanted Black nationalism (separate identity and racial unity for AA)

17.  Stokely Carmichael- found black power movement wanting blacks to unite, build strong communities, and leads to formation of black panthers (military wing)

18.  de jure segregation (racial separation created by law)  de facto segregation (separation caused by social and economic factors)  segregation leads to many riots Detroit Race riot 1967

19.  Many lose faith in the idea of nonviolent change with assassinations of MLK and Robert Kennedy  By the end of the 1960’s African Americans could vote, segregation was illegal, and many blacks held political office