1. Civil Rights Organizations

2. NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People WEB DuBois Thurgood Marshall (NAACP Lawyer in Brown v. Board ; 1 st black Supreme Court Justice) Use the legal system to promote lasting change (court cases, lobby for legislation)

3. SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference Martin Luther King Coretta Scott King Ralph Abernathy Charles Steele Jr. Use of non-violent protest & civil disobedience Close connection with churches in the South- leaders in African American community

4. CORE Congress on Racial Equality Roy Innis James Farmer Non-violent direct action to end racial discrimination Recruited college students to participate in sit-ins & freedom rides

5. SNCC Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee Stokely Carmichael H. Rap Brown Trained people for non- violent protests – freedom rides, sit-ins Turned to more militant forms of protest – “Black Power”

6. Nation of Islam Black MuslimsElijah MuhammadBlack Nationalist or Black Separatism- supported a separate Black gov’t. & economy Rejected integration

7. Organization for Afro- American Unity Malcolm X (assassinated in 1965) Split from Nation of Islam Expressed ideas more relevant to urban African Americans Hatred of White injustice

8. Black PanthersHuey Newton Bobby Seale Armed to resist police brutality – meet violence with violence “Burn baby burn” Community based self- help programs (free clinics, breakfast)