1. Gram Negative Organisms PM2 Pathophysiology

2. Gram Negative Cocci Neisseria gonorrheae Neisseria meningitidis Gram negative bacilli Escherichia coli Salmonella typhi Vibrio cholera Helicobacter pylori Yersinia pestis Bordetella pertussis

3. Neisseria gonorrheae MOT: Sexual contact Men: acute urethritis painful urination yellowish penile discharge “the drip” Women: mostly asymptomatic more complications:PID, infertility Babies: ophthalmia neonatorum

4. NEISSERIA: DIPLOCOCCI

5. OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM

6. Neisseria meningitidis MOT: respiratory droplets Causes meningococcemia disseminated intravascular coagulopathy skin rashes  purpura meningitis

7. MENINGOCOCCEMIA

8. Escherichia coli MOT: fecal-oral route Most common cause of UTI Most common cause of traveller’s diarrhea Sources: contaminated food and water Diarrhea: watery bloody HUS – hemolytic uremic syndrome

9. Salmonella typhi MOT: fecal-oral route Causes typhoid fever fever rose spots diarrhea Carrier state: gallbladder Vaccine available

10. Salmonella typhi

11. Rose spots

13. Vibrio cholerae MOT: fecal-oral route Causes Cholera profuse, rice-water like diarrhea hypotension high mortality of not treated

16. Cholera bed

17. Yersinia pestis MOT: bite of rat flea Causes “the plague” Common still in Southwest USA Stages 1. bubonic plague enlarged, draining lymph nodes; painful, full of the bacteria 2. pneumonic plague cough, hemoptysis, highly contagious 3. septicemic plague

18. CERVICAL BUBOES

19. INGUINAL BUBOES

20. SEPTICEMIC PLAGUE

21. Helicobacter pylori MOT: person-to-person fecal-oral route Causes chronic gastritis May lead to gastric carcinoma

22. HELICOBACTER PYLORI

23. Bordetella pertussis MOT: respiratory route Causes: whooping cough or pertussis fever, cough and colds “whoop” Vaccine: DPT vaccine 2, 4 and 6 months of age booaster at 4 years old

24. Acid fast bacilli Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium leprae Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare

25. Mycobacterium tuberculosis MOT: respiratory droplets Causes: pulmonary tuberculosis miliary tuberculosis cough, hemoptysis Bones, joints, meninges, kidneys, peritoneum, lymph nodes, skin, spine

28. TB Abnormal chest x-ray PPD test (purified protein derivative test) Long treatment: 6 to 9 months rifampicin isoniazid pyrazinamide ethambutol Vaccine: BCG at birth

29. TUBERCULIN SKIN TEST/MANTOUX TEST/ PPD TEST

30. Mycobacterium leprae MOT: contact with nasal secretions or skin exudates of patients Causes: leprosy Affects the Schwann cells in the skin; nerve damage Cooler areas affected: eyelids, nose, ears, scrotum

31. LEPROSY

32. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare MOT: respiratory route Causes: pulmonary diseases disseminated disease Common in AIDS patients