2. Stoichiometry Chemistry I: Chapter 12 Chemistry IH: Chapter 12

3. SAVE PAPER AND INK!!! When you print out the notes on PowerPoint, print "Handouts" instead of "Slides" in the print setup. Also, turn off the backgrounds (Tools>Options>Print>UNch eck "Background Printing")! SAVE PAPER AND INK!!! When you print out the notes on PowerPoint, print "Handouts" instead of "Slides" in the print setup. Also, turn off the backgrounds (Tools>Options>Print>UNch eck "Background Printing")!

4. Stoichiometry The method of measuring amounts of substances and relating them to each other.

5. Mole A unit of measurement that is equal to 6.02 x 10 23 Also known as Avogadro’s constant (number) It is the number of atoms of an element in the atomic mass (in grams) of that element.

6. Molar Mass The molar mass (MM) of an element is how much a mole of atoms of that element weighs. Equal to the atomic mass in grams. Ex: what’s the molar mass of Be Ex: What is the molar mass of O2?

7. Cont… The molar mass (MM) of a compound is how much a mole of formula units of that element weighs. Equal to the molecular mass in grams. Reminder: A formula unit is the smallest ratio of atoms in a unit of a compound. It is designated by its formula. Ex: NaCl, H 2 O Ex: what is the molar mass of NaCl? Ex: What is the molar mass of H 2 O?

8. Practice Calculate the Molar Mass of calcium phosphate Calculate the Molar Mass of calcium phosphate Formula = Formula = Masses elements: Masses elements: Molar Mass = Molar Mass = Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2

9. Conversions We use conversions all the time! We use conversions all the time! Ex: What is another fraction we can use to express ½? Ex: What is another fraction we can use to express ½? To convert, we multiply times a conversion factor, which is equal to 1. To convert, we multiply times a conversion factor, which is equal to 1. ½ x 5/5 = 5/10 ½ x 5/5 = 5/10 ½ = 2/4 = 3/6 = 5/10

10. Flowchart Atoms or Molecules Moles Mass (grams) Divide by 6.02 X 10 23 Multiply by 6.02 X 10 23 Multiply by atomic/molar mass from periodic table Divide by atomic/molar mass from periodic table

11. molar mass Avogadro’s number Grams Moles particles molar mass Avogadro’s number Grams Moles particles Everything must go through Moles!!! Calculations

12. Chocolate Chip Cookies!! 1 cup butter 1/2 cup white sugar 1 cup packed brown sugar 1 teaspoon vanilla extract 2 eggs 2 1/2 cups all-purpose flour 1 teaspoon baking soda 1 teaspoon salt 2 cups semisweet chocolate chips Makes 3 dozen How many eggs are needed to make 3 dozen cookies? How much butter is needed for the amount of chocolate chips used? How many eggs would we need to make 9 dozen cookies? How much brown sugar would I need if I had 1 ½ cups white sugar?

13. Cookies and Chemistry…Huh!?!? Just like chocolate chip cookies have recipes, chemists have recipes as well Just like chocolate chip cookies have recipes, chemists have recipes as well Instead of calling them recipes, we call them reaction equations Instead of calling them recipes, we call them reaction equations Furthermore, instead of using cups and teaspoons, we use moles Furthermore, instead of using cups and teaspoons, we use moles Last, instead of eggs, butter, sugar, etc. we use chemical compounds as ingredients Last, instead of eggs, butter, sugar, etc. we use chemical compounds as ingredients

14. Chemistry Recipes Looking at a reaction tells us how much of something you need to react with something else to get a product (like the cookie recipe) Looking at a reaction tells us how much of something you need to react with something else to get a product (like the cookie recipe)

15. Chemistry Recipes Be sure you have a balanced reaction before you start Be sure you have a balanced reaction before you start Example: 2 Na + Cl 2  2 NaCl Example: 2 Na + Cl 2  2 NaCl This reaction tells us that by mixing 2 moles of Na with 1 mole of Cl we will get 2 moles of sodium chloride This reaction tells us that by mixing 2 moles of Na with 1 mole of Cl we will get 2 moles of sodium chloride What if we wanted 4 moles of NaCl? 10 moles? 50 moles? What if we wanted 4 moles of NaCl? 10 moles? 50 moles?

16. Practice Write the balanced reaction for hydrogen gas reacting with oxygen gas. Write the balanced reaction for hydrogen gas reacting with oxygen gas. 2 H 2 + O 2  2 H 2 O 2 H 2 + O 2  2 H 2 O How many moles of reactants needed? What if we wanted 4 moles of water? What if we had 3 moles of O 2, how much H 2 would we need to react and how much water would we get? What if we had 50 moles of H 2 ?

17. Mole Ratios These mole ratios can be used to calculate the moles of one chemical from the given amount of a different chemical These mole ratios can be used to calculate the moles of one chemical from the given amount of a different chemical Example: How many moles of chlorine is needed to react with 5 moles of sodium (without any sodium left over)? Example: How many moles of chlorine is needed to react with 5 moles of sodium (without any sodium left over)? 2 Na + Cl 2  2 NaCl 5 moles Na 1 mol Cl 2 2 mol Na = 2.5 moles Cl 2

18. Mole-Mole Conversions How many moles of sodium chloride will be produced if you react 2.6 moles of chlorine gas with an excess (more than you need) of sodium metal? How many moles of sodium chloride will be produced if you react 2.6 moles of chlorine gas with an excess (more than you need) of sodium metal?

19. Mole-Mass Conversions Most of the time in chemistry, the amounts are given in grams instead of moles Most of the time in chemistry, the amounts are given in grams instead of moles We still go through moles and use the mole ratio, but now we also use molar mass to get to grams We still go through moles and use the mole ratio, but now we also use molar mass to get to grams

20. Mole-Mass Conversions Example: How many grams of chlorine are required to react completely with 5.00 moles of sodium to produce sodium chloride? 2 Na + Cl 2  2 NaCl 5.00 moles Na 1 mol Cl 2 70.90g Cl 2 2 mol Na 1 mol Cl 2 = 177g Cl 2

21. Mass-Mole We can also start with mass and convert to moles of product or another reactant We can also start with mass and convert to moles of product or another reactant We use molar mass and the mole ratio to get to moles of the compound of interest We use molar mass and the mole ratio to get to moles of the compound of interest Calculate the number of moles of ethane (C 2 H 6 ) needed to produce 10.0 g of water Calculate the number of moles of ethane (C 2 H 6 ) needed to produce 10.0 g of water 2 C 2 H 6 + 7 O 2  4 CO 2 + 6 H 2 0 2 C 2 H 6 + 7 O 2  4 CO 2 + 6 H 2 0 10.0 g H 2 O 1 mol H 2 O 2 mol C 2 H 6 18.0 g H 2 O 6 mol H 2 0 = 0.185 mol C 2 H 6

22. Practice Calculate the mass in grams of Iodine required to react completely with 0.50 moles of aluminum. Calculate the mass in grams of Iodine required to react completely with 0.50 moles of aluminum.

23. Practice Calculate how many moles of oxygen are required to make 10.0 g of aluminum oxide Calculate how many moles of oxygen are required to make 10.0 g of aluminum oxide

24. Mass-Mass Conversions Most often we are given a starting mass and want to find out the mass of a product we will get (called theoretical yield) or how much of another reactant we need to completely react with it (no leftover ingredients!) Most often we are given a starting mass and want to find out the mass of a product we will get (called theoretical yield) or how much of another reactant we need to completely react with it (no leftover ingredients!) Now we must go from grams to moles, mole ratio, and back to grams of compound we are interested in Now we must go from grams to moles, mole ratio, and back to grams of compound we are interested in

25. Mass-Mass Conversion Ex. Calculate how many grams of ammonia are produced when you react 2.00g of nitrogen with excess hydrogen. Ex. Calculate how many grams of ammonia are produced when you react 2.00g of nitrogen with excess hydrogen. N 2 + 3 H 2  2 NH 3 N 2 + 3 H 2  2 NH 3 2.00g N 2 1 mol N 2 2 mol NH 3 17.06g NH 3 28.02g N 2 1 mol N 2 1 mol NH 3 = 2.4 g NH 3

26. Practice How many grams of calcium nitride are produced when 2.00 g of calcium reacts with an excess of nitrogen? How many grams of calcium nitride are produced when 2.00 g of calcium reacts with an excess of nitrogen?

27. Converting From/To # of Particles. If you are given particles & must convert to moles, divide by 6.02 X 10^23 If you are given particles & must convert to moles, divide by 6.02 X 10^23 If you are given moles & must convert to particles, multiply by 6.02 x 10^23. If you are given moles & must convert to particles, multiply by 6.02 x 10^23.

28. Particles  Moles How many moles are there in 3.01 x 10^23 atoms of boron? How many moles are there in 3.01 x 10^23 atoms of boron? Identify this as a “particles  moles” problem. Divide your given by 6.02 x 10 ^23. 3.01 x 10^23 atoms B x ____ = __ mol B 1

29. Moles  Particles How many molecules (particles) are there in 1.5 mol of NaOH? How many molecules (particles) are there in 1.5 mol of NaOH? Identify this as a “moles  particles (atoms)” problem. This involves one conversion. 1.5 mol NaOH x ____ = __molecules NaOH 1

30. Using Molar Volume FACT: Every gas at STP occupies a volume of 22.4 L. FACT: Every gas at STP occupies a volume of 22.4 L. 1mol gasOR 22.4 L gas 22.4 L gas 1 mol gas We can use this information to calculate molar amounts of gases! We can use this information to calculate molar amounts of gases!

31. Molar Volume Calculations If you want to produce 10L of H 2, how many moles of Na do you need to have? If you want to produce 10L of H 2, how many moles of Na do you need to have? 2Na + 2H(OH)  2NaOH +H 2 2Na + 2H(OH)  2NaOH +H 2 10L H2 x _____ x _____ = __moles Na 10L H2 x _____ x _____ = __moles Na

32. Molar Volume Your client requires 5000g of ammonia. What volume of nitrogen gas is required to produce this amount of product? Your client requires 5000g of ammonia. What volume of nitrogen gas is required to produce this amount of product? N 2 + 3 H 2  2 NH 3 N 2 + 3 H 2  2 NH 3 5000 g NH 3 1 mol NH 3 1 mol N 2 22.4 L N 2 1 17 g NH 3 2 mol NH 3 1 mol N 2

33. Limiting Reactant: Cookies 1 cup butter 1/2 cup white sugar 1 cup packed brown sugar 1 teaspoon vanilla extract 2 eggs 2 1/2 cups all-purpose flour 1 teaspoon baking soda 1 teaspoon salt 2 cups semisweet chocolate chips Makes 3 dozen If we had the specified amount of all ingredients listed, could we make 4 dozen cookies? What if we had 4 eggs and 3x as much of everything else, could we make 9 dozen cookies? What if we only had one egg, could we make 3 dozen cookies?

34. Limiting Reactant Most of the time we have more of one reactant than we need to completely use up other reactant. Most of the time we have more of one reactant than we need to completely use up other reactant. That reactant is said to be in excess (there is too much). That reactant is said to be in excess (there is too much). The other reactant limits how much product we get. Once it runs out, the reaction s. This is called the limiting reactant. The other reactant limits how much product we get. Once it runs out, the reaction s. This is called the limiting reactant.

35. Limiting Reactant To find the limiting reactant, must try all of the reactants to calculate how much of a product we can get in each case. To find the limiting reactant, must try all of the reactants to calculate how much of a product we can get in each case. The lower amount of a product is the correct answer. The lower amount of a product is the correct answer. This is the limiting reactant. This is the limiting reactant. Be sure to use the same product when comparing reactants. Be sure to use the same product when comparing reactants.

36. Limiting Reactant: Example 10.0g of aluminum reacts with 35.0 grams of chlorine gas to produce aluminum chloride. Which reactant is limiting, which is in excess, and how much product is produced? 10.0g of aluminum reacts with 35.0 grams of chlorine gas to produce aluminum chloride. Which reactant is limiting, which is in excess, and how much product is produced? 2 Al + 3 Cl 2  2 AlCl 3 Start with Al: Start with Al: Now Cl 2 : Now Cl 2 : 10.0 g Al 1 mol Al 2 mol AlCl 3 133.5 g AlCl 3 27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol AlCl 3 = 49.4g AlCl 3 35.0g Cl 2 1 mol Cl 2 2 mol AlCl 3 133.5 g AlCl 3 71.0 g Cl 2 3 mol Cl 2 1 mol AlCl 3 = 43.9g AlCl 3

37. LR Example Continued We get 49.4g of aluminum chloride from the given amount of aluminum, but only 43.9g of aluminum chloride from the given amount of chlorine. Therefore, chlorine is the limiting reactant. Once the 35.0g of chlorine is used up, the reaction comes to a complete. We get 49.4g of aluminum chloride from the given amount of aluminum, but only 43.9g of aluminum chloride from the given amount of chlorine. Therefore, chlorine is the limiting reactant. Once the 35.0g of chlorine is used up, the reaction comes to a complete.

38. Limiting Reactant Practice 15.0 g of potassium reacts with 15.0 g of iodine. Calculate which reactant is limiting and how much product is made. 15.0 g of potassium reacts with 15.0 g of iodine. Calculate which reactant is limiting and how much product is made. 2 K + I 2  2 KI 2 K + I 2  2 KI

39. Finding Excess Practice 15.0 g of potassium reacts with 15.0 g of iodine. 2 K + I 2  2 KI 15.0 g of potassium reacts with 15.0 g of iodine. 2 K + I 2  2 KI We found that Iodine is the limiting reactant, and 19.6 g of potassium iodide are produced. We found that Iodine is the limiting reactant, and 19.6 g of potassium iodide are produced. 15.0 g I 2 1 mol I 2 2 mol K 39.1 g K 254 g I 2 1 mol I 2 1 mol K = 4.62 g K USED! 15.0 g K – 4.62 g K = 10.38 g K EXCESS Given amount of excess reactant Amount of excess reactant actually used Note that we started with the limiting reactant! Once you determine the LR, you should only start with it!

40. Limiting Reactant: Recap 1. You can recognize a limiting reactant problem because there is MORE THAN ONE GIVEN AMOUNT. 2. Convert ALL of the reactants to the SAME product (pick any product you choose.) 3. The lowest answer is the correct answer. 4. The reactant that gave you the lowest answer is the LIMITING REACTANT. 5. The other reactant(s) are in EXCESS. 6. To find the amount of excess, subtract the amount used from the given amount. 7. If you have to find more than one product, be sure to start with the limiting reactant. You don’t have to determine which is the LR over and over again!

41. Percent Yield Theoretical Yield- the amount of product calculated (expected.) Theoretical Yield- the amount of product calculated (expected.) Actual Yield- the amount of product obtained. Actual Yield- the amount of product obtained. Percent Yield = Actual Yieldx100 Percent Yield = Actual Yieldx100 Theoretical Yield Theoretical Yield