1. UNIT 6: Text Organization: Listing, Process, Cause & Effect Objectives: 1. To identify signals/clues that indicate listing 2. To list relevant points in the appropriate category 3. To identify signals/clues that indicate processes 4. To list processes based on the correct order 5. To identify signals/clues that indicate causes-effects 6. To identify causes and effects

2. 1. Signal markers for Listing and, also, another and, also, another first, second, third, last … first, second, third, last … firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally… firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally… parallel structures, e.g. adjective…., adjective…, and adjective… parallel structures, e.g. adjective…., adjective…, and adjective…

3. Sample Passage 1 Human blood serves the body in three important ways. First, blood carries substances needed to maintain and repair the body tissues. In this way, blood serves as a provider. Second, blood also serves as a disposer, since it carries wastes and gases away from the tissues of the body. In addition, blood acts as a defender. The white corpuscles in the bloodstream constantly guard against and try to destroy bacteria and other agents that threaten the bodys welfare.

4. 2. Signal markers: Process Before/Prior to Before/Prior to First/Initially First/Initially As/ When/ As soon as/ While/ At this stage/Meanwhile As/ When/ As soon as/ While/ At this stage/Meanwhile On + V-ing On + V-ing During/During this process During/During this process After/Next/Then/ /Subsequently/Later/Afterwards After/Next/Then/ /Subsequently/Later/Afterwards Until Until Eventually/Finally Eventually/Finally

5. Sample Passage In processing coffee using a wet processing technique, the fresh fruit is first pulped by a pulping machine. Some pulp still clings to the coffee, however, and this residue is removed by fermentation in tanks. The few remaining traces of pulp are then removed by washing. The coffee seeds are then dried to a moisture content of about 12 per cent either by exposure to the sun or by hot-air driers. If dried in the sun, they must be turned by hand several times a day for even drying.

6. 3. Signal Markers for Cause and Effect Verbs linking cause and effect: result, produce, allow, prevent, enable, cause, result in, result from, bring about Verbs linking cause and effect: result, produce, allow, prevent, enable, cause, result in, result from, bring about Connectives: due to, as a result of, since, because, because of, in response to, as, with the result that, so that, thus, therefore, consequently, hence, for this reason, thereby Connectives: due to, as a result of, since, because, because of, in response to, as, with the result that, so that, thus, therefore, consequently, hence, for this reason, thereby Implied markers: if, means Implied markers: if, means

7. Sample Passage Pulmonary Tuberculosis is caused by infection of the lungs with the tubercle bacillus. Pulmonary lesions are due almost entirely to the human form of the tubercle bacillus, as distinct from the bovine type, which is mainly responsible for glandular and bovine tuberculosis. The bacilli lodge in the lungs and set up a chronic inflammation of a specific type. They produce areas of infiltration which have a characteristic tubercle formation; hence the name for the organism.