2. Step Up To: Psychology John J. Schulte, Psy.D. & Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5e Worth Publishers (2010) From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5e Worth Publishers (2010)

3. Chapter 7: Thinking, Language and Intelligence Introduction: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence Solving Problems and Making Decisions Language and Thought Measuring Intelligence The Nature of Intelligence

4. 100 200 300 400 500 Introduction: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

5. 100 300 400 500 Solving Problems and Making Decisions 200

6. 100 200 300 400 500 Language and Thought

7. 100 200 300 400 500 Measuring Intelligence

8. 100 200 300 400 500 The Nature of Intelligence

9. 1. Which of the five sensory systems can be involved in the formation of a mental image? A) vision B) vision and hearing C) vision, taste, and touch D) any of the five sensory systems A) vision B) vision and hearing C) vision, taste, and touch D) any of the five sensory systems

10. 2. According to Eleanor Rosch, the best, or most typical, instance of a particular concept is called a(n): A) example B) exemplar C) prototype D) prime A) example B) exemplar C) prototype D) prime

11. 3. __________ concepts are defined by logical rules, while __________ concepts are likely to have fuzzy, rather than rigid boundaries. A) Natural; formal B) Prototypical; exemplar C) Formal; natural D) Exemplar; prototypical A) Natural; formal B) Prototypical; exemplar C) Formal; natural D) Exemplar; prototypical

12. 4.Memories of individual instances to which we compare new experiences are called: A) exemplars B) prototypes C) logical concepts D) factors of “best fit” A) exemplars B) prototypes C) logical concepts D) factors of “best fit”

13. 5. According to fMRI imaging, when a person imagines a face or place, he/she: A) uses different areas of the brain than when actually seeing it B) uses much of the same areas of the brain as when seeing it C) uses memory areas but not visual areas as when viewing it D) uses much larger areas of the brain than when just viewing it A) uses different areas of the brain than when actually seeing it B) uses much of the same areas of the brain as when seeing it C) uses memory areas but not visual areas as when viewing it D) uses much larger areas of the brain than when just viewing it

14. 6. Josephine is trying to open a locked door and she has a ring with 250 keys on it. She tries each key, in order, sliding it to the other side of her hand if it doesn’t work. This very specific procedure for solving a problem is called a(n) _______ and it guarantees a successful solution to the problem. A) exemplar B) heuristic C) prototype D) algorithm A) exemplar B) heuristic C) prototype D) algorithm

15. 7. Morton is writing a lengthy paper for his graduate school professor. Instead of sitting and writing all 30 pages at once, he breaks it down into a series of smaller, easier papers. This process of creating subgoals is an example of a(n): A) trial-and-error B) insight solution C) algorithm D) heuristic A) trial-and-error B) insight solution C) algorithm D) heuristic

16. 8. Larissa can’t find her car keys! She looked in her purse and they weren’t there. She looks all over her house, but every few minutes she comes back to check in her purse again. What obstacle to solving problems explains why Larissa can’t simply “accept” that her keys are not in her purse? A) the representativeness heuristic B) mental set C) the availability heuristic D) functional fixedness A) the representativeness heuristic B) mental set C) the availability heuristic D) functional fixedness

17. 9. Despite the fact that the chance of winning the monthly $250 million lottery is virtually nonexistent, many people buy tickets with the belief that they will win the grand prize. Which of the following explains why people buy these tickets? A) The fallacy of positive instances B) The belief-bias effect C) The availability heuristic D) The overestimation effect A) The fallacy of positive instances B) The belief-bias effect C) The availability heuristic D) The overestimation effect

18. 10. Stanley was recently faced with the problem of choosing a new kind of car to buy. He decided to weight all of the various options, features, models, and prices, and make a decision based on those bits of information. Stanley used the _______ model of decision-making. A) single-factor B) additive C) elimination by aspects D) confirmation A) single-factor B) additive C) elimination by aspects D) confirmation

19. 11. “Please, I your pen would like to borrow,” a kind stranger says to you at the bank. Clearly this person’s English is understandable, but she has made a __________ error by violating the rules of word order. A) semantic B) syntax C) generative D) displacement A) semantic B) syntax C) generative D) displacement

20. 12. You can refer to activities that will take place in the future or took place in the past with language. This is a characteristic known as: A) nanogram B) linguistics C) syntax D) displacement A) nanogram B) linguistics C) syntax D) displacement

21. 13. According to ________ differences in the way we use language lead to differences in the way we think. A) Gustav Fechner B) Benjamin Whorf C) Sigmund Freud D) David Wechsler A) Gustav Fechner B) Benjamin Whorf C) Sigmund Freud D) David Wechsler

22. 14. The study of animals and the use of language has demonstrated which of the following? A) Primates have been shown to use language effectively, but other animal species have not. B) Despite common belief, chimpanzees cannot learn to respond to spoken English commands. C) The most “trainable” type of animal with regard to language is a parrot. D) Several different species of animals have language systems, though not all are “verbal” languages. A) Primates have been shown to use language effectively, but other animal species have not. B) Despite common belief, chimpanzees cannot learn to respond to spoken English commands. C) The most “trainable” type of animal with regard to language is a parrot. D) Several different species of animals have language systems, though not all are “verbal” languages.

23. 15. Using the masculine generic pronoun “he” in a general sense in speech: A) increases male bias in thinking if the speaker is female. B) has no effect in bias. C) increases male bias if the speaker is male. D) increases male bias in thinking. A) increases male bias in thinking if the speaker is female. B) has no effect in bias. C) increases male bias if the speaker is male. D) increases male bias in thinking.

24. 16. The first useful test that assessed intelligence was designed to identify school children who would benefit from extra help in which country? A) France B) Germany C) Austria D) The United States of America A) France B) Germany C) Austria D) The United States of America

25. 17. Research exploring the various accomplishments and life outcomes of those with “genius” level IQs found that: A) IQ is related to academic success. B) Personality factors are involved in achieving success. C) Intelligence is not enough to assure success in life. D) All of the above are true. A) IQ is related to academic success. B) Personality factors are involved in achieving success. C) Intelligence is not enough to assure success in life. D) All of the above are true.

26. 18. The WISC is: A) an achievement test for children. B) an intelligence test for children. C) an intelligence test for adults. D) The first IQ test that David Wechsler developed. A) an achievement test for children. B) an intelligence test for children. C) an intelligence test for adults. D) The first IQ test that David Wechsler developed.

27. 19. Which of the following was considered an advantage of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) over the Stanford-Binet? A) The WAIS was far shorter and less expensive to administer. B) The WAIS required virtually no training to administer and score. C) The WAIS broke IQ results down into two scores – performance and verbal abilities. D) The WAIS was not standardized. A) The WAIS was far shorter and less expensive to administer. B) The WAIS required virtually no training to administer and score. C) The WAIS broke IQ results down into two scores – performance and verbal abilities. D) The WAIS was not standardized.

28. 20. The average or “normal” range of IQ scores on the WAIS-III, where 68% of the scores range, is: A) 95 to 105. B) 90 to 110. C) 80 to 120. D) 85 to 115. A) 95 to 105. B) 90 to 110. C) 80 to 120. D) 85 to 115.

29. 21. One of the earliest theories of intelligence was that there was one overall intelligence, called the “g factor.” This theory was forwarded by: A) David Thurstone. B) David Wechsler. C) Charles Spearman. D) Howard Gardner. A) David Thurstone. B) David Wechsler. C) Charles Spearman. D) Howard Gardner.

30. 22. Howard Gardner believes that intelligence must be defined: A) by a single factor, called g. B) in terms of Verbal, Performance and Full Scale IQ’s. C) within the context of a particular culture. D) in terms of three factors. A) by a single factor, called g. B) in terms of Verbal, Performance and Full Scale IQ’s. C) within the context of a particular culture. D) in terms of three factors.

31. 23. 23. Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence consists of all of the following except: A) analytic intelligence. B) interpersonal intelligence. C) creative intelligence. D) practical intelligence. A) analytic intelligence. B) interpersonal intelligence. C) creative intelligence. D) practical intelligence.

32. 24. The relationship between the IQs of which pair of individuals has been shown to be the weakest? A ) adoptive parent and child who lived together B) adopted siblings who lived together C) biological siblings who are reared together D) identical twins who are reared apart A ) adoptive parent and child who lived together B) adopted siblings who lived together C) biological siblings who are reared together D) identical twins who are reared apart

33. 25. Twin studies are used to: A) differentiate between the effects of heredity and environment. B) investigate the effects of personality on intelligence. C) validate IQ tests. D) prove Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences. A) differentiate between the effects of heredity and environment. B) investigate the effects of personality on intelligence. C) validate IQ tests. D) prove Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences.

35. Stop here, or continue as a review

36. 1. Which of the five sensory systems can be involved in the formation of a mental image? A) vision B) vision and hearing C) vision, taste, and touch D) any of the five sensory systems A) vision B) vision and hearing C) vision, taste, and touch D) any of the five sensory systems

37. 2. According to Eleanor Rosch, the best, or most typical, instance of a particular concept is called a(n): A) example B) exemplar C) prototype D) prime A) example B) exemplar C) prototype D) prime

38. 3. __________ concepts are defined by logical rules, while __________ concepts are likely to have fuzzy, rather than rigid boundaries. A) Natural; formal B) Prototypical; exemplar C) Formal; natural D) Exemplar; prototypical A) Natural; formal B) Prototypical; exemplar C) Formal; natural D) Exemplar; prototypical

39. 4.Memories of individual instances to which we compare new experiences are called: A) exemplars B) prototypes C) logical concepts D) factors of “best fit” A) exemplars B) prototypes C) logical concepts D) factors of “best fit”

40. 5. According to fMRI imaging, when a person imagines a face or place, he/she: A) uses different areas of the brain than when actually seeing it B) uses much of the same areas of the brain as when seeing it C) uses memory areas but not visual areas as when viewing it D) uses much larger areas of the brain than when just viewing it A) uses different areas of the brain than when actually seeing it B) uses much of the same areas of the brain as when seeing it C) uses memory areas but not visual areas as when viewing it D) uses much larger areas of the brain than when just viewing it

41. 6. Josephine is trying to open a locked door, and she has a ring with 250 keys on it. She tries each key, in order, sliding it to the other side of her hand if it doesn’t work. This very specific procedure for solving a problem is called a(n) _______ and it guarantees a successful solution to the problem. A) exemplar B) heuristic C) prototype D) algorithm A) exemplar B) heuristic C) prototype D) algorithm

42. 7. Morton is writing a lengthy paper for his graduate school professor. Instead of sitting and writing all 30 pages at once, he breaks it down into a series of smaller, easier papers. This process of creating subgoals is an example of a(n): A) trial-and-error B) insight solution C) algorithm D) heuristic A) trial-and-error B) insight solution C) algorithm D) heuristic

43. 8. Larissa can’t find her car keys! She looked in her purse and they weren’t there. She looks all over her house, but every few minutes she comes back to check in her purse again. What obstacle to solving problems explains why Larissa can’t simply “accept” that her keys are not in her purse? A) the representativeness heuristic B) mental set C) the availability heuristic D) functional fixedness A) the representativeness heuristic B) mental set C) the availability heuristic D) functional fixedness

44. 9. Despite the fact that the chance of winning the monthly $250 million lottery is virtually nonexistent, many people buy tickets with the belief that they will win the grand prize. Which of the following explains why people buy these tickets? A) The fallacy of positive instances B) The belief-bias effect C) The availability heuristic D) The overestimation effect A) The fallacy of positive instances B) The belief-bias effect C) The availability heuristic D) The overestimation effect

45. 10. Stanley was recently faced with the problem of choosing a new kind of car to buy. He decided to weight all of the various options, features, models, and prices, and make a decision based on those bits of information. Stanley used the _______ model of decision-making. A) single-factor B) additive C) elimination by aspects D) confirmation A) single-factor B) additive C) elimination by aspects D) confirmation

46. 11. “Please, I your pen would like to borrow,” a kind stranger says to you at the bank. Clearly this person’s English is understandable, but she has made a __________ error by violating the rules of word order. A) semantic B) syntax C) generative D) displacement A) semantic B) syntax C) generative D) displacement

47. 12. You can refer to activities that will take place in the future or took place in the past with language. This is a characteristic known as: A) nanogram B) linguistics C) syntax D) displacement A) nanogram B) linguistics C) syntax D) displacement

48. 13. According to ________ differences in the way we use language lead to differences in the way we think. A) Gustav Fechner B) Benjamin Whorf C) Sigmund Freud D) David Wechsler A) Gustav Fechner B) Benjamin Whorf C) Sigmund Freud D) David Wechsler

49. 14. The study of animals and the use of language has demonstrated which of the following? A) Primates have been shown to use language effectively, but other animal species have not. B) Despite common belief, chimpanzees cannot learn to respond to spoken English commands. C) The most “trainable” type of animal with regard to language is a parrot. D) Several different species of animals have language systems, though not all are “verbal” languages. A) Primates have been shown to use language effectively, but other animal species have not. B) Despite common belief, chimpanzees cannot learn to respond to spoken English commands. C) The most “trainable” type of animal with regard to language is a parrot. D) Several different species of animals have language systems, though not all are “verbal” languages.

50. 15. Using the masculine generic pronoun “he” in a general sense in speech: A) increases male bias in thinking if the speaker is female. B) has no effect in bias. C) increases male bias if the speaker is male. D) increases male bias in thinking. A) increases male bias in thinking if the speaker is female. B) has no effect in bias. C) increases male bias if the speaker is male. D) increases male bias in thinking.

51. 16. The first useful test that assessed intelligence was designed to identify school children who would benefit from extra help in which country? A) France B) Germany C) Austria D) The United States of America A) France B) Germany C) Austria D) The United States of America

52. 17. Research exploring the various accomplishments and life outcomes of those with “genius” level IQs found that: A) IQ is related to academic success. B) Personality factors are involved in achieving success. C) Intelligence is not enough to assure success in life. D) All of the above are true. A) IQ is related to academic success. B) Personality factors are involved in achieving success. C) Intelligence is not enough to assure success in life. D) All of the above are true.

53. 18. The WISC is: A) an achievement test for children. B) an intelligence test for children. C) an intelligence test for adults. D) The first IQ test that David Wechsler developed. A) an achievement test for children. B) an intelligence test for children. C) an intelligence test for adults. D) The first IQ test that David Wechsler developed.

54. 19. Which of the following was considered an advantage of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) over the Stanford-Binet? A) The WAIS was far shorter and less expensive to administer. B) The WAIS required virtually no training to administer and score. C) The WAIS broke IQ results down into two scores – performance and verbal abilities. D) The WAIS was not standardized. A) The WAIS was far shorter and less expensive to administer. B) The WAIS required virtually no training to administer and score. C) The WAIS broke IQ results down into two scores – performance and verbal abilities. D) The WAIS was not standardized.

55. 20. The average or “normal” range of IQ scores on the WAIS-III, where 68% of the scores range, is: A) 95 to 105. B) 90 to 110. C) 80 to 120. D) 85 to 115. A) 95 to 105. B) 90 to 110. C) 80 to 120. D) 85 to 115.

56. 21. One of the earliest theories of intelligence was that there was one overall intelligence, called the “g factor.” This theory was forwarded by: A) David Thurstone. B) David Wechsler. C) Charles Spearman. D) Howard Gardner. A) David Thurstone. B) David Wechsler. C) Charles Spearman. D) Howard Gardner.

57. 22. Howard Gardner believes that intelligence must be defined: A) by a single factor, called g. B) in terms of Verbal, Performance and Full Scale IQ’s. C) within the context of a particular culture. D) in terms of three factors. A) by a single factor, called g. B) in terms of Verbal, Performance and Full Scale IQ’s. C) within the context of a particular culture. D) in terms of three factors.

58. 23. 23. Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence consists of all of the following except: A) analytic intelligence. B) interpersonal intelligence. C) creative intelligence. D) practical intelligence. A) analytic intelligence. B) interpersonal intelligence. C) creative intelligence. D) practical intelligence.

59. 24. The relationship between the IQs of which pair of individuals has been shown to be the weakest? A ) adoptive parent and child who lived together B) adopted siblings who lived together C) biological siblings who are reared together D) identical twins who are reared apart A ) adoptive parent and child who lived together B) adopted siblings who lived together C) biological siblings who are reared together D) identical twins who are reared apart

60. 25. Twin studies are used to: A) differentiate between the effects of heredity and environment. B) investigate the effects of personality on intelligence. C) validate IQ tests. D) prove Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences. A) differentiate between the effects of heredity and environment. B) investigate the effects of personality on intelligence. C) validate IQ tests. D) prove Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences.

61. AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Questions written by: Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD Based on Discovering Psychology 5e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Published by Worth Publishers, 2010 Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Questions written by: Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD Based on Discovering Psychology 5e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Published by Worth Publishers, 2010

62. AnswersAnswers 1.D 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.D 8.B 9.C 10.B 11.B 12.D 13.B 14.D 15.D 16.A 17.D 18.B 19.C 20.D 21.C 22.C 23.B 24.A 25.A